{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T09:35:53Z","timestamp":1780047353829,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Treatment of\n            <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n            is complicated by the emergence and spread of parasite resistance to many of the first-line drugs used to treat malaria. Antimalarial drug resistance has been associated with specific point mutations in several genes, suggesting that these single nucleotide polymorphisms can be useful in tracking the emergence of drug resistance. In India,\n            <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n            infection can manifest itself as asymptomatic, mild, or severe malaria, with or without cerebral involvement. We tested whether chloroquine- and antifolate drug-resistant genotypes would be more commonly associated with cases of cerebral malaria than with cases of mild malaria in the province of Jabalpur, India, by genotyping the\n            <jats:italic>dhps<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>pfmdr-1<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n            genes using pyrosequencing, direct sequencing, and real-time PCR. Further, we used microsatellites surrounding the genes to determine the origins and spread of the drug-resistant genotypes in this area. Resistance to chloroquine was essentially fixed, with 95% of the isolates harboring the\n            <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n            K76T mutation. Resistant genotypes of\n            <jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>dhps<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>pfmdr-1<\/jats:italic>\n            were found in 94%, 17%, and 77% of the isolates, respectively. Drug-resistant genotypes were equally likely to be associated with cerebral malaria as with mild malaria. We found evidence of a selective sweep in\n            <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n            and, to a lesser degree, in\n            <jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic>\n            , indicating high levels of resistance to chloroquine and evolving resistance to pyrimethamine. Microsatellites surrounding\n            <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n            indicate that the resistant genotypes (SVMNT) were most similar to those found in Papua New Guinea.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00846-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,29]],"date-time":"2009-12-29T01:54:15Z","timestamp":1262051655000},"page":"997-1006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Evidence of Selective Sweeps in Genes Conferring Resistance to Chloroquine and Pyrimethamine in\n            <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\n            Isolates in India"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Tonya","family":"Mixson-Hayden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"name":"Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Decatur, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidhan","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR) Field Station"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"McCollum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Poe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"name":"Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Decatur, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avinash C.","family":"Nagpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nethaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya P.","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan K.","family":"Stiles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkatachalam","family":"Udhayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeru","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR) Field Station"},{"name":"Regional Medical Research Center for Tribals, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.3.879-889.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.4.1546-1549.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01200-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/320195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"33","volume":"15","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bharti, P. 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