{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:47:44Z","timestamp":1790171264983,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n The 4-aminoquinoline naphthoquine (NQ) and the thiazine dye methylene blue (MB) have potent\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n efficacies against\n Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n , but susceptibility data for\n P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n are limited. The species- and stage-specific\n ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n activities of NQ and MB were assessed using a modified schizont maturation assay on clinical field isolates from Papua, Indonesia, where multidrug-resistant\n P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n are prevalent. Both compounds were highly active against\n P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n (median [range] 50% inhibitory concentration [IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n ]: NQ, 8.0 nM [2.6 to 71.8 nM]; and MB, 1.6 nM [0.2 to 7.0 nM]) and\n P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n (NQ, 7.8 nM [1.5 to 34.2 nM]; and MB, 1.2 nM [0.4 to 4.3 nM]). Stage-specific drug susceptibility assays revealed significantly greater IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n s in parasites exposed at the trophozoite stage than at the ring stage for NQ in\n P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n (26.5 versus 5.1 nM,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.021) and\n P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n (341.6 versus 6.5 nM,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.021) and for MB in\n P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n (10.1 versus 1.6 nM,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.010). The excellent\n ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n activities of NQ and MB against both\n P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n highlight their potential utility for the treatment of multidrug-resistant malaria in areas where both species are endemic.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00874-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]],"date-time":"2015-07-21T00:23:30Z","timestamp":1437438210000},"page":"6117-6124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Potent\n Ex Vivo<\/i>\n Activity of Naphthoquine and Methylene Blue against Drug-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Grennady","family":"Wirjanata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boni F.","family":"Sebayang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferryanto","family":"Chalfein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation (PHCDF), Timika, Papua, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Prayoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation (PHCDF), Timika, Papua, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Handayuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leily","family":"Trianty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enny","family":"Kenangalem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation (PHCDF), Timika, Papua, Indonesia"},{"name":"District Health Authority, Timika, Papua, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rintis","family":"Noviyanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice","family":"Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne Rini","family":"Poespoprodjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation (PHCDF), Timika, Papua, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg J.","family":"M\u00f6hrle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ric N.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutta","family":"Marfurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Global report on antimalarial drug efficacy and drug resistance: 2000-2010","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2010. 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