{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:43:06Z","timestamp":1785404586326,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Bacitracin is employed for topical treatment of staphylococcal infection, though information is lacking regarding the nature of resistance to this antibiotic in the staphylococci. Here we examined bacitracin resistance in a large collection (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 1,470) of multidrug-resistant isolates of\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n . Susceptibility testing of the entire collection revealed a broad range of bacitracin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (from 32 to >4,096 \u00b5g\/mL) and allowed us to define a tentative epidemiological cut-off value (TECOFF) (apparent upper end of the wild-type distribution in terms of bacitracin susceptibility) of 256 \u00b5g\/mL. On the basis of this TECOFF, 101 strains (6.8% of the total) for which bacitracin had an MIC of \u2265512 \u00b5g\/mL were considered resistant. Bacitracin resistance was found across multiple sequence types (STs), though over half the resistant strains belonged to the ST8:USA300 lineage. In nearly all bacitracin-resistant strains (99 of 101), whole genome sequence analysis identified operons similar to the\n bcrABD<\/jats:italic>\n operon that confers bacitracin resistance in\n Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n ; 3 strains carried an operon [\n bcrAB<\/jats:italic>\n (ISL3)\n D<\/jats:italic>\n ] closely related to the latter (~90% identity in the encoded resistance proteins), while 96 strains harbored a more distantly related operon (<50% identity in the encoded proteins) that we distinguished with the designation\n bcrEFH<\/jats:italic>\n . Molecular cloning experiments confirmed the ability of both\n bcr<\/jats:italic>\n operons to confer bacitracin resistance in\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n . Both\n bcrAB<\/jats:italic>\n (ISL3)\n D<\/jats:italic>\n and\n bcrEFH<\/jats:italic>\n reside on IS\n 6<\/jats:italic>\n -flanked pseudo-compound transposons on multidrug resistance plasmids, highlighting their potential to spread and become more widely disseminated among staphylococci.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00875-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:57:29Z","timestamp":1762257449000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nature of bacitracin resistance in\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7520-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merianne","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mrxd33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds","place":["Leeds, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mollie M.","family":"Hurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mrxd33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds","place":["Leeds, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Elkrewi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mrxd33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds","place":["Leeds, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9565-8387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mrxd33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds","place":["Leeds, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3222-5493","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex J.","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mrxd33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds","place":["Leeds, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1949.02910030021005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42861-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.68.12.3223"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00112-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20164860"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.101365"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv463"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41050"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-99"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3743-3748.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01643-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01755-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06094-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","volume-title":"Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically","author":"CLSI","year":"2012","unstructured":"CLSI. 2012. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. 9th ed. 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