{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:28:11Z","timestamp":1791649691067,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Three kinds of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants have been discovered and have been shown to be widely distributed among clinical isolates:\n            <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n            genes,\n            <jats:italic>aac(6<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2032\n            <jats:italic>)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>qepA<\/jats:italic>\n            . Few data on the prevalence of these determinants in strains from animals are available. The presence of PMQR genes in isolates from animals was determined by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. The production of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC \u03b2-lactamases in the strains was detected, and their genotypes were determined. The genetic environment of PMQR determinants in selected plasmids was analyzed. All samples of ceftiofur-resistant (MICs \u2265 8 \u03bcg\/ml) isolates of the family\n            <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n            were selected from 36 companion animals and 65 food-producing animals in Guangdong Province, China, between November 2003 and April 2007, including 89\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates, 9\n            <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates, and isolates of three other genera. A total of 68.3% (69\/101) of the isolates produced ESBLs and\/or AmpC \u03b2-lactamases, mainly those of the CTX-M and CMY types. Of the 101 strains, PMQR determinants were present in 35 (34.7%) isolates, with\n            <jats:italic>qnr, aac(6<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2032\n            <jats:italic>)-Ib<\/jats:italic>\n            -\n            <jats:italic>cr<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>qepA<\/jats:italic>\n            detected alone or in combination in 8 (7.9%), 19 (18.8%), and 16 (15.8%) strains, respectively. The\n            <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n            genes detected included one\n            <jats:italic>qnrB4<\/jats:italic>\n            gene, four\n            <jats:italic>qnrB6<\/jats:italic>\n            genes, and three\n            <jats:italic>qnrS1<\/jats:italic>\n            genes. Five strains were positive for both\n            <jats:italic>aac(6<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2032\n            <jats:italic>)-Ib<\/jats:italic>\n            -\n            <jats:italic>cr<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>qepA<\/jats:italic>\n            , while one strain was positive for\n            <jats:italic>qnrS1, aac(6<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2032\n            <jats:italic>)-Ib<\/jats:italic>\n            -\n            <jats:italic>cr<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>qepA. qnrB6<\/jats:italic>\n            was flanked by two copies of IS\n            <jats:italic>CR1<\/jats:italic>\n            with an intervening\n            <jats:italic>dfr<\/jats:italic>\n            gene downstream and\n            <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>qacE<\/jats:italic>\n            \u0394\n            <jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic>\n            genes upstream. In another plasmid,\n            <jats:italic>aac(6<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2032\n            <jats:italic>)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n            followed\n            <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>arr-3<\/jats:italic>\n            was downstream. PMQR determinants are highly prevalent in ceftiofur-resistant\n            <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n            strains isolated from animals in China. This is the first report of the occurrence of PMQR determinants among isolates from companion animals.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00886-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,21]],"date-time":"2008-10-21T00:44:44Z","timestamp":1224549884000},"page":"519-524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["High Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants\n            <i>qnr<\/i>\n            ,\n            <i>aac(6<\/i>\n            \u2032\n            <i>)<\/i>\n            -\n            <i>Ib-cr<\/i>\n            , and\n            <i>qepA<\/i>\n            among Ceftiofur-Resistant\n            <i>Enterobacteriaceae<\/i>\n            Isolates from Companion and Food-Producing Animals"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Junying","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenling","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangliu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianhong","family":"Lu\u0308","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangzong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minggui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01054-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm352","volume":"60","year":"2007","unstructured":"Avsaroglu, M. 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