{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:03:01Z","timestamp":1768824181300,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP120200122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP120200122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP120200122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP120200122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Understanding how parasites respond to stress can help to identify essential biological processes.\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a parasitic protist that infects the human gastrointestinal tract and causes 200 to 300 million cases of diarrhea annually. Metronidazole, a major antigiardial drug, is thought to cause oxidative damage within the infective trophozoite form. However, treatment efficacy is suboptimal, due partly to metronidazole-resistant infections. To elucidate conserved and stress-specific responses, we calibrated sublethal metronidazole, hydrogen peroxide, and thermal stresses to exert approximately equal pressure on trophozoite growth and compared transcriptional responses after 24 h of exposure. We identified 252 genes that were differentially transcribed in response to all three stressors, including glycolytic and DNA repair enzymes, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, high-cysteine membrane proteins, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) synthetase, and histone modification enzymes. Transcriptional responses appeared to diverge according to physiological or xenobiotic stress. Downregulation of the antioxidant system and \u03b1-giardins was observed only under metronidazole-induced stress, whereas upregulation of GARP-like transcription factors and their subordinate genes was observed in response to hydrogen peroxide and thermal stressors. Limited evidence was found in support of stress-specific response elements upstream of differentially transcribed genes; however, antisense derepression and differential regulation of RNA interference machinery suggest multiple epigenetic mechanisms of transcriptional control.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00977-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T02:33:19Z","timestamp":1469500399000},"page":"6034-6045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Divergent Transcriptional Responses to Physiological and Xenobiotic Stress in Giardia duodenalis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0297-897X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan R. E.","family":"Ansell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malcolm J.","family":"McConville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pasi K.","family":"Korhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of 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