{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:50:00Z","timestamp":1792799400394,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Paratyphoid fever is considered an emerging systemic intracellular infection caused by\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotypes Paratyphi A, B, and C. We performed\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            time-kill studies on three clinical isolates of nalidixic acid-resistant\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Paratyphi (NARSP) with different concentrations of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime to identify combinations of antibiotics with synergistic activity against paratyphoid fever. Furthermore, we identify the frequency of mutations to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and rifampin resistance and also sequenced the\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>\n            genes to identify the cause of resistance in NARSP. When the activity of ciprofloxacin at 0.75\u00d7 MIC (0.012 to 0.38 \u03bcg\/ml) with cefotaxime at the MIC (0.125 to 0.25 \u03bcg\/ml) against all three NARSP isolates was investigated, synergy was observed at 24 h, and the bacterial counts were reduced by &gt;3 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            CFU\/ml. This synergy was elongated for up to 72 h in two out of three isolates. When ciprofloxacin at 0.75\u00d7 MIC (0.012 to 0.38 \u03bcg\/ml) was combined with cefotaxime at 2\u00d7 MIC (0.25 to 0.50 \u03bcg\/ml), synergy was prolonged for up to 72 h in all three isolates. Both\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Paratyphi A isolates carried single mutations in codon 83 of the\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            gene and codon 84 of the\n            <jats:italic>par<\/jats:italic>\n            C gene that were responsible for their reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, while no mutations were found in the\n            <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n            or\n            <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>\n            gene. The ciprofloxacin-plus-cefotaxime regimen was very effective in reducing the bacterial counts at 24 h for all three isolates, and this combination therapy may be helpful in reducing the chance of the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants in patients with severe paratyphoid fever.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00988-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,22]],"date-time":"2010-06-22T02:41:31Z","timestamp":1277174491000},"page":"3696-3701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<i>In<\/i>\n            <i>Vitro<\/i>\n            Synergism of Ciprofloxacin and Cefotaxime against Nalidixic Acid-Resistant\n            <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n            Serotypes Paratyphi A and Paratyphi B"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Ganesh Prasad","family":"Neupane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine"},{"name":"Research Center for Resistant Cells, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bok Kwon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1101.040145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Current protocols in molecular biology. 1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.4.438"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 18th informational supplement 2008 vol. 28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595739"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.4012-4015.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08929.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.5.1223-1228.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.10.3249-3252.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1477-1482.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.3.1172-1174.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2008.40.4.207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3489-3491.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.080849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1205.050560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1111.050168"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"1289","volume":"351","year":"1998","unstructured":"Parry, C., J. 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