{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:28:53Z","timestamp":1787016533771,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the etiological agent of anthrax, has a dormant stage in its life cycle known as the endospore. When conditions become favorable, spores germinate and transform into vegetative bacteria. In inhalational anthrax, the most fatal manifestation of the disease, spores enter the organism through the respiratory tract and germinate in phagosomes of alveolar macrophages. Germinated cells can then produce toxins and establish infection. Thus, germination is a crucial step for the initiation of pathogenesis.\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spore germination is activated by a wide variety of amino acids and purine nucleosides. Inosine and\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    -alanine are the two most potent nutrient germinants\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Recent studies have shown that germination can be hindered by isomers or structural analogues of germinants. 6-Thioguanosine (6-TG), a guanosine analogue, is able to inhibit germination and prevent\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    toxin-mediated necrosis in murine macrophages. In this study, we screened 46 different nucleoside analogues as activators or inhibitors of\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spore germination\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These compounds were also tested for their ability to protect the macrophage cell line J774a.1 from\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    cytotoxicity. Structure-activity relationship analysis of activators and inhibitors clarified the binding mechanisms of nucleosides to\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores. In contrast, no structure-activity relationships were apparent for compounds that protected macrophages from\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -mediated killing. However, multiple inhibitors additively protected macrophages from\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01029-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,5]],"date-time":"2010-10-05T00:24:45Z","timestamp":1286238285000},"page":"5329-5336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Testing Nucleoside Analogues as Inhibitors of\n                    <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    Spore Germination\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    and in Macrophage Cell Culture"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Zadkiel","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New England Regional Center of Excellence in Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Abel-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b616695d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M611432200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0010019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.5.1.2283"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.5.5.783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00545.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830150618"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00801-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.153.2.700-708.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02196.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.50.2.249-256.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.030270-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.23.8055-8062.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2370865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02695.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01137.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153871303766275763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(99)01507-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(00)01220-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-11-2933"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00766.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1672-0229(04)02020-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.5.1296-1303.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"RA119","volume":"8","year":"2002","unstructured":"Makino, S., and R. 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