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Mice were treated with ceftriaxone or saline solution for 1 month, commencing during the early (3 weeks) or chronic (4 months) stages of infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Tissues from mice were tested for infection by culture, PCR, xenodiagnosis, and transplantation of allografts at 1 and 3 months after completion of treatment. In addition, tissues were examined for the presence of spirochetes by immunohistochemistry. In contrast to saline solution-treated mice, mice treated with antibiotic were consistently culture negative, but tissues from some of the mice remained PCR positive, and spirochetes could be visualized in collagen-rich tissues. Furthermore, when some of the antibiotic-treated mice were fed on by\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks (xenodiagnosis), spirochetes were acquired by the ticks, as determined based upon PCR results, and ticks from those cohorts transmitted spirochetes to nai\u0308ve SCID mice, which became PCR positive but culture negative. Results indicated that following antibiotic treatment, mice remained infected with nondividing but infectious spirochetes, particularly when antibiotic treatment was commenced during the chronic stage of infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01050-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,3]],"date-time":"2008-03-03T20:53:06Z","timestamp":1204577586000},"page":"1728-1736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Persistence of\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    following Antibiotic Treatment in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Emir","family":"Hodzic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Comparative Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunlian","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Comparative Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Holden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Comparative Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly J.","family":"Freet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Comparative Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Barthold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Comparative Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"521","volume":"57","year":"1984","unstructured":"Barbour, A. 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