{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T21:15:37Z","timestamp":1776978937997,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Determination of the neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) level can be used to detect acute kidney injury (AKI) earlier than determination of the serum creatinine (SCr) level in settings such as cardiac surgery, contrast nephropathy, and intensive care units. We hypothesized that urine NGAL (UrNGAL) would be an early biomarker of drug nephrotoxicity. To test this, we studied hemodynamically stable patients treated with amphotericin B (AmB). We measured the SCr and UrNGAL levels at the baseline and daily after initiation of AmB up to day 14 or development of AKI by the use of the SCr criterion. AKI was defined according to a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criterion (an increase in the SCr level by \u22650.3 mg\/dl within 48 h or an SCr level \u22651.5 times the baseline level within 7 days). We studied 24 patients with a mean age of 48.4 \u00b1 16.4 years. Most patients were male, and the patients received AmB (12 received AmB deoxycholate and 12 received liposomal AmB) for the treatment of leishmaniasis (91.7%). Overall, 17\/24 patients fulfilled a KDIGO criterion for AKI. Peak UrNGAL levels were higher in patients with AKI than in patients without AKI and in recipients of AmB deoxycholate than in recipients of liposomal AmB. The diagnostic performance of the UrNGAL level on day 5 for the detection of AKI was moderate, with the area under the curve (AUC) being 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41 to 0.95). In the subgroup receiving AmB deoxycholate, however, the AUC rose to 0.89 (95% CI, 0.67 to 1.00). In a patient-level analysis, we found that AKI could be detected 3.2 days earlier by the use of the UrNGAL criterion than by the use of the SCr criterion (times to AKI by the UrNGAL and SCr criteria, 3.7 \u00b1 2.5 versus 6.9 \u00b1 3.3 days, respectively;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.001). Future studies should evaluate if a treatment strategy oriented toward evaluation of UrNGAL levels will improve outcomes. These findings for AmB-induced AKI in leishmaniasis patients could serve as a basis for the investigation of urine biomarkers in the early detection of drug nephrotoxicity in other clinical settings.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01079-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T01:40:12Z","timestamp":1440466812000},"page":"6913-6921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Role of Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in the Early Diagnosis of Amphotericin B-Induced Acute Kidney Injury"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Paulo Novis","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Support, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael Nascimento","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Service, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla Dinam\u00e9rica","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Support, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lis","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiz Henrique Santos","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Service, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo Roberto Lima","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Service, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Badar\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Support, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Support, Medical School of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"},{"name":"Immunology Service, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz (Fiocruz-Ba), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marshall Jay","family":"Glesby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, 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