{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T02:31:11Z","timestamp":1784341871736,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n , the bacterium that causes anthrax, is an agent of bioterrorism. The most effective antimicrobial therapy for\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n infections is unknown. An\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n pharmacodynamic model of\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n was used to compare the efficacies of simulated clinically prescribed regimens of moxifloxacin, linezolid, and meropenem with the \u201cgold standards,\u201d doxycycline and ciprofloxacin. Treatment outcomes for isogenic spore-forming and non-spore-forming strains of\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n were compared. Against spore-forming\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n , ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, linezolid, and meropenem reduced the\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n population by 4 log\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n CFU\/ml over 10 days. Doxycycline reduced the population of this\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n strain by 5 log\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n CFU\/ml (analysis of variance [ANOVA]\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.01 versus other drugs). Against an isogenic non-spore-forming strain, meropenem killed the vegetative\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n the fastest, followed by moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin and then doxycycline. Linezolid offered the lowest bacterial kill rate. Heat shock studies using the spore-producing\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n strain showed that with moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem therapies the total population was mostly spores, while the population was primarily vegetative bacteria with linezolid and doxycycline therapies. Spores have a profound impact on the rate and extent of killing of\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n . Against spore-forming\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n , the five antibiotics killed the total (spore and vegetative) bacterial population at similar rates (within 1 log\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n CFU\/ml of each other). However, bactericidal antibiotics killed vegetative\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n faster than bacteriostatic drugs. Since only vegetative-phase\n B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n produces the toxins that may kill the infected host, the rate and mechanism of killing of an antibiotic may determine its overall\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n efficacy. Further studies are needed to examine this important observation.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01109-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,13]],"date-time":"2011-12-13T05:21:18Z","timestamp":1323753678000},"page":"1229-1239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Impact of Spores on the Comparative Efficacies of Five Antibiotics for Treatment of Bacillus anthracis in an\n In Vitro<\/i>\n Hollow Fiber Pharmacodynamic Model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Arnold","family":"Louie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ordway Research Institute, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"VanScoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ordway Research Institute, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ordway Research Institute, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Kulawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ordway Research Institute, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry S.","family":"Heine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George L.","family":"Drusano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ordway Research Institute, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh258","article-title":"Selection of Bacillus anthracis isolates resistant to antibiotics","volume":"54","author":"Athamna A","year":"2004","unstructured":"AthamnaA. 2004. Selection of Bacillus anthracis isolates resistant to antibiotics. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54:424\u2013428.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-7-2089","article-title":"Germination of Bacillus cereus spores in response to L-analine and to inosine: the roles of gerL and gerQ operons","volume":"148","author":"Barlass PJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"BarlassPJ HoustonCW ClementsMO MoirA. 2002. Germination of Bacillus cereus spores in response to L-analine and to inosine: the roles of gerL and gerQ operons. Microbiology 148:2089\u20132095.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh294","article-title":"Type II topoisomerase mutations in Bacillus anthracis associated with high-level fluoroquinolone resistance","volume":"54","author":"Bast DJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"BastDJ. 2004. 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