{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T02:13:44Z","timestamp":1779243224153,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]],"date-time":"2007-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            An optimally cross-linked peptidoglycan requires both transglycosylation and transpeptidation, provided by class A and class B penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus gordonii<\/jats:italic>\n            possesses three class A PBPs (PBPs 1A, 1B, and 2A) and two class B PBPs (PBPs 2B and 2X) that are important for penicillin resistance. High-level resistance (MIC, \u22652 \u03bcg\/ml) requires mutations in class B PBPs. However, although unmutated, class A PBPs are critical to facilitate resistance development (M. Haenni and P. Moreillon, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50:4053-4061, 2006). Thus, their overexpression might be important to sustain the drug. Here, we determined the promoter regions of the\n            <jats:italic>S. gordonii<\/jats:italic>\n            PBPs and compared them to those of other streptococci. The extended \u221210 box was highly conserved and complied with a \u03c3\n            <jats:sup>A<\/jats:sup>\n            -type promoter consensus sequence. In contrast, the \u221235 box was poorly conserved, leaving the possibility of differential PBP regulation. Gene expression in a penicillin-susceptible parent (MIC, 0.008 \u03bcg\/ml) and a high-level-resistant mutant (MIC, 2 \u03bcg\/ml) was monitored using luciferase fusions. In the absence of penicillin, all PBPs were constitutively expressed, but their expression was globally increased (1.5 to 2 times) in the resistant mutant. In the presence of penicillin, class A PBPs were specifically overexpressed both in the parent (PBP 2A) and in the resistant mutant (PBPs 1A and 2A). By increasing transglycosylation, class A PBPs could promote peptidoglycan stability when transpeptidase is inhibited by penicillin. Since penicillin-related induction of class A PBPs occurred in both susceptible and resistant cells, such a mutation-independent facilitating mechanism could be operative at each step of resistance development.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01127-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,15]],"date-time":"2007-05-15T00:58:40Z","timestamp":1179190720000},"page":"2774-2783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Promoter and Transcription Analysis of Penicillin-Binding Protein Genes in\n            <i>Streptococcus gordonii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Marisa","family":"Haenni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Moreillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Lazarevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.29256-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.16.4851-4860.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.10.2802-2810.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03050.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.23.6082-6089.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(88)90489-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.8.2343-2350.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.7.2401-2409.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.11.5549-5553.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.45.100191.000345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.4.829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00677-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00676-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/23.13.2351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8484123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02122.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05954.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107662903765826705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)84991-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-11-3069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-1-127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00865.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.04938-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2508(90)90060-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1995.0366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","unstructured":"Molecular 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