{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T06:56:05Z","timestamp":1778828165303,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine has never been recommended for the treatment of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n            malaria as the parasite is intrinsically resistant to pyrimethamine. The combination was introduced as a promising agent to treat\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n            malaria in many countries but was withdrawn after a few years due to development and spread of resistant strains. Presently, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is used as a partner drug of artemisinin-based combination therapy to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria, and a combination of artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is currently in use in India. In countries like India, where both\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n            are equally prevalent, some proportion of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n            bacteria is exposed to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine due to misdiagnosis and mixed infections. As reports on the\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            therapeutic efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n            are rare, the study of mutations in the marker genes\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>pvdhfr<\/jats:italic>\n            ) and\n            <jats:italic>pvdhps<\/jats:italic>\n            is important for predicting drug selection pressure and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance monitoring. We studied the prevalence of point mutations and haplotypes of both the genes in 80\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates collected from urban Kolkata, India, by the DNA sequencing method. Point mutation rates in both the genes were low. The double mutant\n            <jats:italic>pvdhfr<\/jats:italic>\n            A\n            <jats:sub>15<\/jats:sub>\n            N\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            <jats:bold>R<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:sub>58<\/jats:sub>\n            <jats:bold>N<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:sub>117<\/jats:sub>\n            I\n            <jats:sub>173<\/jats:sub>\n            (mutations are in boldface) and the single mutant\n            <jats:italic>pvdhps<\/jats:italic>\n            genotype S\n            <jats:sub>382<\/jats:sub>\n            <jats:bold>G<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:sub>383<\/jats:sub>\n            K\n            <jats:sub>512<\/jats:sub>\n            A\n            <jats:sub>553<\/jats:sub>\n            V\n            <jats:sub>585<\/jats:sub>\n            were more prevalent, while 35% of the isolates harbored the wild-type genotype. The triple mutant AN\n            <jats:bold>RN<\/jats:bold>\n            I-S\n            <jats:bold>G<\/jats:bold>\n            KAV was found in 29.9% isolates. No quintuple mutant genotype was recorded. The\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n            parasites in urban Kolkata may still be susceptible to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Hence, a combination of antimalarial drugs like artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine introduced for\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection might be effective in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection also. Study of the therapeutic efficacy of this combination in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n            is thus strongly suggested. (The study protocol was registered in the Clinical Trial Registry-India [CTRI] of the Indian Council of Medical Research under registration number CTRI\/2011\/09\/002031.)\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01171-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,22]],"date-time":"2013-10-22T02:41:14Z","timestamp":1382409674000},"page":"196-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Prevalence of Polymorphisms in Antifolate Drug Resistance Molecular Marker Genes\n            <i>pvdhfr<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>pvdhps<\/i>\n            in Clinical Isolates of Plasmodium vivax from Kolkata, India"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Swagata","family":"Ganguly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pabitra","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moytrey","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ardhendu K.","family":"Maji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.79"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001814"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397900-1.00001-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"20","author":"Young MD","year":"1959","unstructured":"YoungMDBurgessRW. 1959. 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