{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:33:57Z","timestamp":1792647237620,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Gram-positive bacteria cause serious human illnesses through combinations of cell surface and secreted virulence factors. We initiated studies with four of these organisms to develop novel topical antibacterial agents that interfere with growth and exotoxin production, focusing on menaquinone analogs. Menadione, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and coenzymes Q1 to Q3 but not menaquinone, phylloquinone, or coenzyme Q10 inhibited the growth and to a greater extent exotoxin production of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:named-content>\n            at concentrations of 10 to 200 \u03bcg\/ml. Coenzyme Q1 reduced the ability of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            to cause toxic shock syndrome in a rabbit model, inhibited the growth of four Gram-negative bacteria, and synergized with another antimicrobial agent, glycerol monolaurate, to inhibit\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            growth. The staphylococcal two-component system SrrA\/B was shown to be an antibacterial target of coenzyme Q1. We hypothesize that menaquinone analogs both induce toxic reactive oxygen species and affect bacterial plasma membranes and biosynthetic machinery to interfere with two-component systems, respiration, and macromolecular synthesis. These compounds represent a novel class of potential topical therapeutic agents.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01279-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T01:58:37Z","timestamp":1376963917000},"page":"5432-5437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Menaquinone Analogs Inhibit Growth of Bacterial Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Patrick M.","family":"Schlievert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Merriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilmara","family":"Salgado-Pab\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam R.","family":"Spaulding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao G.","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia N.","family":"Chuang-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra L.","family":"Kohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198707163170305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.77"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.1.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00104-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198907063210101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198012183032501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198012183032502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92186-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/143.4.509"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2185544"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60534-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03526.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi701202w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.3.471"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.14.4204-4209.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01295-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390080043027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus\u2014Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997\u20131999","volume":"282","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1999","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. 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