{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T12:18:46Z","timestamp":1764332326450},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Enteric protozoan parasites, which are spread by the fecal-oral route, are important causes of diarrhea (\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ) and amebic dysentery (\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:named-content>\n            ). Cyst walls of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Entamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            have a single layer composed of fibrils of \u03b2-1,3-linked GalNAc and \u03b2-1,4-linked GlcNAc (chitin), respectively. The goal here was to determine whether hand sanitizers that contain ethanol or isopropanol as the active microbicide might reduce transmission of these parasites. We found that treatment with these alcohols with or without drying in a rotary evaporator (to model rapid evaporation of sanitizers on hands) kills 85 to 100% of cysts of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">G. duodenalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            and 90 to 100% of cysts of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Entamoeba invadens<\/jats:named-content>\n            (a nonpathogenic model for\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">E. histolytica<\/jats:named-content>\n            ), as shown by nuclear labeling with propidium iodide and failure to excyst\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . Alcohols with or without drying collapsed the cyst walls of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>\n            but did not collapse the cyst walls of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Entamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            . To validate the\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            results, we showed that treatment with alcohols eliminated oral infection of gerbils by 1,000\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">G. duodenalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            cysts, while a commercial hand sanitizer (Purell) killed\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">E. invadens<\/jats:named-content>\n            cysts that were directly applied to the hands. These results suggest that expanded use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers might reduce the transmission of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Entamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01290-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T02:29:28Z","timestamp":1439864968000},"page":"6749-6754","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ethanol and Isopropanol in Concentrations Present in Hand Sanitizers Sharply Reduce Excystation of Giardia and Entamoeba and Eliminate Oral Infectivity of Giardia Cysts in Gerbils"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Aparajita","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Bandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Motari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Samuelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05038-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00213-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00038-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwf059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00268-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwn107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3280662"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4217-4224.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.5.5.836-848.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.11.3516-3522.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM190305211482102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/600379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2007.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"2128","article-title":"Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. 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