{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T02:41:42Z","timestamp":1774579302590,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ERANet-LAC Joint Call","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ELAC2014\/HID-0254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ELAC2014\/HID-0254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1140412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1140412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1100225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1100225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:named-content>\n            are associated with the failure of sulfa prophylaxis. They can develop by selection in patients receiving sulfa drugs or be acquired via person-to-person transmission. DHPS mutations raise concern about the decreasing efficacy of sulfa drugs, the main available therapeutic tool for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pneumocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            pneumonia (PCP). The prevalence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pneumocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            DHPS mutations was examined in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pneumocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates from 56 sulfa-prophylaxis-naive adults with a first episode of PCP from 2002 to 2010 in Santiago, Chile. Their clinical history was reviewed to analyze the effect of these mutations on response to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) therapy and outcome. Mutant genotypes occurred in 22 (48%) of 46 HIV-infected patients and in 5 (50%) of 10 HIV-uninfected patients. Compared to patients with a wild-type genotype, those with mutant genotypes were more likely to experience sulfa treatment-limiting adverse reactions and to have a twice-longer duration of mechanical ventilation if mechanically ventilated. Specific genotypes did not associate with death, which occurred in none of the HIV-infected patients and in 50% of the non-HIV-infected patients. Chile has a high prevalence of DHPS mutations, which were presumably acquired through interhuman transmission because patients were not on sulfa prophylaxis. These results contrast with the low prevalence observed in other Latin American countries with similar usage of sulfa drugs, suggesting that additional sources of resistant genotypes may be possible. The twice-longer duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with mutant DHPS genotypes suggests a decreased efficacy of TMP-SMX and warrants collaborative studies to assess the relevance of DHPS mutations and further research to increase therapeutic options for PCP.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01290-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]],"date-time":"2016-11-15T02:50:38Z","timestamp":1479178238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["High Prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii Dihydropteroate Synthase Gene Mutations in Patients with a First Episode of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Santiago, Chile, and Clinical Response to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Carolina A.","family":"Ponce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Microbiolog\u00eda y Micolog\u00eda, Instituto de 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