{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T17:11:27Z","timestamp":1788628287857,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The aims of this study were to evaluate free levels of fluconazole (FCZ) in the kidneys of healthy and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n            -infected Wistar rats using microdialysis and to establish the relationship between free renal and total plasma levels under both conditions. Microdialysis recovery rates were determined\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            by dialysis, and retrodialysis recovery rates were determined\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            by retrodialysis. The recovery rate was around 50%, independent of the method, drug concentration, or condition (\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            or\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            ) used. FCZ kidney penetration in healthy and infected rats was investigated after the administration of 10 mg\/kg of body weight intravenously (i.v.) or 50 mg\/kg orally (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 6\/group) and blood and microdialysate sample harvesting at predetermined time points up to 24 and 18 h, respectively. There were no statistical differences between the area under the free concentration-time curve (AUC\n            <jats:sub>0\u2013\u221e<\/jats:sub>\n            ) values in plasma and in tissue for either healthy or infected groups for the same dose regimen investigated. The antifungal tissue penetrations were similar for both doses and under all conditions investigated (ranging from 0.77 to 0.84). The unbound fraction of FCZ was concentration independent (86.0% \u00b1 2.0%), allowing the prediction of free renal levels using pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from total plasma fitting. The results showed that free renal and free plasma levels are similar in healthy and systemically\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n            -infected rats. Therefore, free plasma levels are a good surrogate to estimate free FCZ renal concentrations in systemic candidiasis and can be used to optimize dosing regimens for this drug.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01323-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,5]],"date-time":"2012-09-05T06:53:01Z","timestamp":1346827981000},"page":"5852-5857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comparison of Fluconazole Renal Penetration Levels in Healthy and Candida albicans-Infected Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Francine Johansson","family":"Azeredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibiana Verlindo","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra Elisa","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiara","family":"Pigatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiane","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Dalla Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2006.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.4.1179-1186.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2008.02.025","article-title":"Microdialysis as a tool to determine the free kidney levels of voriconazole in rodents: a model to study the technique feasibility for a moderately lipophilic drug","volume":"47","author":"Araujo BV","year":"2008","unstructured":"AraujoBV SilvaCF HaasSE Dalla CostaT. 2008. Microdialysis as a tool to determine the free kidney levels of voriconazole in rodents: a model to study the technique feasibility for a moderately lipophilic drug. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 47:876\u2013881.","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.08.020","article-title":"Free renal levels of voriconazole determined by microdialysis in healthy and Candida sp.-infected Wistar rats","volume":"33","author":"Araujo BV","year":"2009","unstructured":"AraujoBV SilvaCF HaasSE Dalla CostaT. 2009. Free renal levels of voriconazole determined by microdialysis in healthy and Candida sp.-infected Wistar rats. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 33:154\u2013159.","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.13.2.321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000191516.43792.61"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"CCAC. 2003. Guidelines. Canadian Council on Animal Care Ottawa Ontario Canada. http:\/\/ccac.ca\/Documents\/Standards\/Guidelines\/Facilities.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"FDA. 2001. Guidance for industry\u2014bioanalytical method validation. FDA Washington DC. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/RegulatoryInformation\/Guidances\/UCM128049.pdf. Accessed September 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.28.5.648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"211","article-title":"Microdialysis\u2014a novel tool for clinical studies of anti-infective agents","volume":"57","author":"Joukhadar C","year":"2001","unstructured":"JoukhadarC DerendorfH MullerM. 2001. Microdialysis\u2014a novel tool for clinical studies of anti-infective agents. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 57:211\u2013219.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(02)00272-7","article-title":"Hepatobiliary excretion of fluconazole and its interaction with cyclosporin A in rat blood and bile using microdialysis","volume":"241","author":"Lee CH","year":"2002","unstructured":"LeeCH YehPH TsaiTH. 2002. Hepatobiliary excretion of fluconazole and its interaction with cyclosporin A in rat blood and bile using microdialysis. Int. J. Pharm. 241:367\u2013373.","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1159\/000323738","article-title":"The ability of fluconazole to penetrate into ventilated, healthy and inflamed lung tissue in a model of severe sepsis in rats","volume":"87","author":"Mauric O","year":"2011","unstructured":"MauricO. 2011. The ability of fluconazole to penetrate into ventilated, healthy and inflamed lung tissue in a model of severe sepsis in rats. Pharmacology 87:130\u2013134.","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.5.1441-1453.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380796"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(03)00081-X","article-title":"Adaptation of Candida albicans to the host environment: the role of morphogenesis in virulence and survival in mammalian hosts","volume":"6","author":"Romani L","year":"2003","unstructured":"RomaniL BistoniF PuccettiP. 2003. Adaptation of Candida albicans to the host environment: the role of morphogenesis in virulence and survival in mammalian hosts. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 6:338\u2013343.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01930.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.650-655.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"ShargelL\nWu-PongS\nYuABC. 2005. Applied biopharmaceutics & pharmacokinetics p 52\u2013184. McGraw-Hill New York NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.40"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(02)00961-3","article-title":"On-line determination of fluconazole in blood and dermal rat microdialysates by microbore high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"787","author":"Xavier F","year":"2003","unstructured":"XavierF. 2003. On-line determination of fluconazole in blood and dermal rat microdialysates by microbore high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 787:323\u2013331.","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016048100712","article-title":"Fluconazole distribution to the brain: a crossover study in freely-moving rats using in vivo microdialysis","volume":"13","author":"Yang H","year":"1996","unstructured":"YangH WangQ ElmquistWF. 1996. Fluconazole distribution to the brain: a crossover study in freely-moving rats using in vivo microdialysis. Pharm. Res. 13:1570\u20131575.","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.01323-12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.01323-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T22:00:50Z","timestamp":1645480850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.01323-12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.01323-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01323-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-06-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-08-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-10-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}