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These species rely on complex anaerobic respiration of amino acids, and the anthelmintic drug oxantel has been shown to inhibit fumarate reductase (Frd) activity in some pathogenic bacteria and inhibit\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n homotypic biofilm formation. Here, we demonstrate that oxantel inhibited\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n Frd activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n ) of 2.2 \u03bcM and planktonic growth of\n T. forsythia<\/jats:named-content>\n with a MIC of 295 \u03bcM, but it had no effect on the growth of\n T. denticola<\/jats:named-content>\n . Oxantel treatment caused the downregulation of six\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n gene products and the upregulation of 22 gene products. All of these genes are part of a regulon controlled by heme availability. There was no large-scale change in the expression of genes encoding metabolic enzymes, indicating that\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n may be unable to overcome Frd inhibition. Oxantel disrupted the development of polymicrobial biofilms composed of\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n T. forsythia<\/jats:named-content>\n , and\n T. denticola<\/jats:named-content>\n in a concentration-dependent manner. In these biofilms, all three species were inhibited to a similar degree, demonstrating the synergistic nature of biofilm formation by these species and the dependence of\n T. denticola<\/jats:named-content>\n on the other two species. In a murine alveolar bone loss model of periodontitis oxantel addition to the drinking water of\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n -infected mice reduced bone loss to the same level as the uninfected control.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01375-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,29]],"date-time":"2013-10-29T03:36:25Z","timestamp":1383017785000},"page":"378-385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Oxantel Disrupts Polymicrobial Biofilm Development of Periodontal Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Stuart","family":"Dashper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"O'Brien-Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sze Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Paolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"D'Cruze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanne","family":"Catmull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512457373"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1998.69.2.269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1998.3.1.127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.5.554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm193"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.133.5.450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(02)00425-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stolzenberg-SolomonRZDoddKWBlaserMJVirtamoJTaylorPRAlbanesD. 2003. 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