{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:53:49Z","timestamp":1787871229226,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Respiratory anthrax is a fatal disease in the absence of early treatment with antibiotics. Rabbits are highly susceptible to infection with\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            spores by intranasal instillation, succumbing within 2 to 4 days postinfection. This study aims to test the efficiency of antibiotic therapy to treat systemic anthrax in this relevant animal model. Delaying the initiation of antibiotic administration to more than 24 h postinfection resulted in animals with systemic anthrax in various degrees of bacteremia and toxemia. As the onset of symptoms in humans was reported to start on days 1 to 7 postexposure, delaying the initiation of treatment by 24 to 48 h (time frame for mass distribution of antibiotics) may result in sick populations. We evaluated the efficacy of antibiotic administration as a function of bacteremia levels at the time of treatment initiation. Here we compare the efficacy of treatment with clarithromycin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Augmentin), imipenem, vancomycin, rifampin, and linezolid to the previously reported efficacy of doxycycline and ciprofloxacin. We demonstrate that treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, imipenem, vancomycin, and linezolid were as effective as doxycycline and ciprofloxacin, curing rabbits exhibiting bacteremia levels of up to 10\n            <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU\/ml. Clarithromycin and rifampin were shown to be effective only as a postexposure prophylactic treatment but failed to treat the systemic (bacteremic) phase of anthrax. Furthermore, we evaluate the contribution of combined treatment of clindamycin and ciprofloxacin, which demonstrated improvement in efficacy compared to ciprofloxacin alone.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01376-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]],"date-time":"2015-09-22T02:23:49Z","timestamp":1442888629000},"page":"7497-7503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Efficacy of Single and Combined Antibiotic Treatments of Anthrax in Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Shay","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeev","family":"Altboum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itai","family":"Glinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Schlomovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assa","family":"Sittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elad","family":"Bar-David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kobiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haim","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Anthrax pathogenesis and host response","volume":"225","author":"Hanna P","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hanna P. 1998. Anthrax pathogenesis and host response. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 225:13\u201335.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012892","article-title":"Recognition and management of anthrax - an update","volume":"345","author":"Swartz MN","year":"2001","unstructured":"Swartz MN. 2001. Recognition and management of anthrax - an update. N Engl J Med 345:1621\u20131626.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00103-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00969.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00792-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010604"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"139","article-title":"Molecular determinants for a cardiovascular collapse in anthrax","volume":"6","author":"Brojatsch J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brojatsch J, Casadevall A, Goldman DL. 2014. Molecular determinants for a cardiovascular collapse in anthrax. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 6:139\u2013147.","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Elite Ed)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400044272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00941-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6231-6241.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01689-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5010120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins4111288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.130687"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00185.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00244-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals","author":"National Research Council","year":"2011","unstructured":"National Research Council. 2011. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals, 8th ed. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2769-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602748103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.4.1323-1325.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki367","article-title":"Clindamycin and quinolone therapy for Bacillus anthracis Sterne infection in 60Co-gamma-photon-irradiated and sham-irradiated mice","volume":"56","author":"Brook I","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brook I, Germana A, Giraldo DE, Camp-Hyde TD, Bolduc DL, Foriska MA, Elliott TB, Thakar JH, Shoemaker MO, Jackson WE, Ledney GD. 2005. Clindamycin and quinolone therapy for Bacillus anthracis Sterne infection in 60Co-gamma-photon-irradiated and sham-irradiated mice. J Antimicrob Chemother 56:1074\u20131080.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-4-200602210-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199902000-00026","article-title":"Oral rifampin plus azithromycin or clarithromycin to treat osteomyelitis in rabbits","volume":"1999","author":"Shirtliff ME","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shirtliff ME, Mader JT, Calhoun J. 1999. Oral rifampin plus azithromycin or clarithromycin to treat osteomyelitis in rabbits. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999:229\u2013236.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.01376-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.01376-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T22:59:01Z","timestamp":1645484341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.01376-15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.01376-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01376-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-06-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-09-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-11-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}