{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T14:45:11Z","timestamp":1768488311770,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:named-content>\n            is the leading pathogen that causes long-lasting skin and nail dermatophyte infections. Currently, topical treatment consists of terbinafine for the skin and ciclopirox for the nails, whereas systemic agents, such as oral terbinafine and itraconazole, are also prescribed. These systemic drugs have severe side effects, including liver toxicity. Topical therapies, however, are sometimes ineffective. This led us to investigate alternative treatment options, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). Although PDT is traditionally recognized as a therapeutic option for treating a wide range of medical conditions, including age-related macular degeneration and malignant cancers, its antimicrobial properties have also received considerable attention. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the susceptibility of dermatophytic fungi to PDT is relatively unknown. As a noninvasive treatment, PDT uses a photosensitizing drug and light, which, in the presence of oxygen, results in cellular destruction. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of cytotoxicity of PDT\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            using the silicon phthalocyanine (Pc) 4 [SiPc(OSi(CH\n            <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n            )\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            (CH\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            )\n            <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n            N(CH\n            <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n            )\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            )(OH)] in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">T. rubrum<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Confocal microscopy revealed that Pc 4 binds to cytoplasmic organelles, and upon irradiation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. The impairment of fungal metabolic activities as measured by an XTT (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide inner salt) assay indicated that 1.0 \u03bcM Pc 4 followed by 670 to 675 nm light at 2.0 J\/cm\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            reduced the overall cell survival rate, which was substantiated by a dry weight assay. In addition, we found that this therapeutic approach is effective against terbinafine-sensitive (24602) and terbinafine-resistant (MRL666) strains. These data suggest that Pc 4-PDT may have utility as a treatment for dermatophytosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01448-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,11]],"date-time":"2014-03-11T03:54:04Z","timestamp":1394510044000},"page":"3029-3034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Silicon Phthalocyanine 4 Phototoxicity in Trichophyton rubrum"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Minh","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Case Skin Diseases Research Center, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Dimaano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Oyetakin-White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauricio A.","family":"Retuerto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyotsna","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pranab K.","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud A.","family":"Ghannoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Case Skin Diseases Research Center, Case Western Reserve University\/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Louis-Stokes VA Medical Center, 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