{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:37:47Z","timestamp":1792132667851,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n The echinocandin antifungal drugs inhibit synthesis of the major fungal cell wall polysaccharide \u03b2(1,3)-glucan. Echinocandins have good efficacy against\n Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n but reduced activity against other\n Candida<\/jats:named-content>\n species, in particular\n Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n Candida guilliermondii<\/jats:named-content>\n . Treatment of\n Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n with a sub-MIC level of caspofungin has been reported to cause a compensatory increase in chitin content and to select for sporadic echinocandin-resistant\n FKS1<\/jats:italic>\n point mutants that also have elevated cell wall chitin. Here we show that elevated chitin in response to caspofungin is a common response in various\n Candida<\/jats:named-content>\n species. Activation of chitin synthesis was observed in isolates of\n C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n Candida tropicalis<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n C. parapsilosis<\/jats:named-content>\n , and\n C. guilliermondii<\/jats:named-content>\n and in some isolates of\n Candida krusei<\/jats:named-content>\n in response to caspofungin treatment. However,\n Candida glabrata<\/jats:named-content>\n isolates demonstrated no exposure-induced change in chitin content. Furthermore, isolates of\n C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n C. krusei<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n C. parapsilosis<\/jats:named-content>\n , and\n C. guilliermondii<\/jats:named-content>\n which were stimulated to have higher chitin levels via activation of the calcineurin and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways had reduced susceptibility to caspofungin. Isolates containing point mutations in the\n FKS1<\/jats:italic>\n gene generally had higher chitin levels and did not demonstrate a further compensatory increase in chitin content in response to caspofungin treatment. These results highlight the potential of increased chitin synthesis as a potential mechanism of tolerance to caspofungin for the major pathogenic\n Candida<\/jats:named-content>\n species.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01486-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,24]],"date-time":"2012-10-24T00:48:45Z","timestamp":1351039725000},"page":"146-154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":209,"title":["Elevated Chitin Content Reduces the Susceptibility of Candida Species to Caspofungin"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Louise A.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil A. 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