{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:50:50Z","timestamp":1784548250591,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI125822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI125822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI119516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI119516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16PRE27260042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16PRE27260042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001797","name":"Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Protozoan parasites, including the apicomplexan pathogens\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n            (which causes malaria) and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n            (which causes toxoplasmosis), infect millions of people worldwide and represent major human disease burdens. Despite their prevalence, therapeutic strategies to treat infections caused by these parasites remain limited and are threatened by the emergence of drug resistance, highlighting the need for the identification of novel drug targets. Recently, homologues of the core autophagy proteins, including Atg8 and Atg3, were identified in many protozoan parasites. Importantly, components of the Atg8 conjugation system that facilitate the lipidation of Atg8 are required for both canonical and parasite-specific functions and are essential for parasite viability. Structural characterization of the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n            Atg3-Atg8 (PfAtg3-Atg8) interaction has led to the identification of compounds that block this interaction. Additionally, many of these compounds inhibit\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n            growth\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            , demonstrating the viability of this pathway as a drug target. Given the essential role of the Atg8 lipidation pathway in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Toxoplasma<\/jats:named-content>\n            , we sought to determine whether three PfAtg3-Atg8 interaction inhibitors identified in the Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box exerted a similar inhibitory effect in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Toxoplasma<\/jats:named-content>\n            . While all three inhibitors blocked\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Toxoplasma<\/jats:named-content>\n            replication\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            at submicromolar concentrations, they did not inhibit\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n            Atg8 (TgAtg8) lipidation. Rather, high concentrations of two of these compounds induced TgAtg8 lipidation and fragmentation of the parasite mitochondrion, similar to the effects seen following starvation and monensin-induced autophagy. Additionally, we report that one of the PfAtg3-Atg8 interaction inhibitors induces\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Toxoplasma<\/jats:named-content>\n            egress and provide evidence that this is mediated by an increase in intracellular calcium in response to drug treatment.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01489-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]],"date-time":"2017-11-20T17:10:31Z","timestamp":1511197831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Characterization of Plasmodium Atg3-Atg8 Interaction Inhibitors Identifies Novel Alternative Mechanisms of Action in Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Varberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaice A.","family":"LaFavers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Arrizabalaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1823-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"William J.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"},{"name":"Department 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