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Several recombinant antibodies directed against PA and intended for medical use have been obtained, but none against LF, despite the recommendations of anthrax experts. Here we describe an anti-LF single-chain variable fragment (scFv) that originated from an immunized macaque (\n            <jats:italic>Macaca fascicularis<\/jats:italic>\n            ) and was obtained by phage display. Panning of the library of 1.8 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n            clones allowed the isolation of 2LF, a high-affinity (equilibrium dissociation constant, 1.02 nM) scFv, which is highly neutralizing in the standardized in vitro assay (50% inhibitory concentration, 1.20 \u00b1 0.06 nM) and in an in vivo assay. The scFv neutralizes anthrax LT by inhibiting the formation of the LF-PA complex. The genes encoding 2LF are very similar to those of human immunoglobulin germ line genes, sharing substantial (84.2%) identity with their most similar, germinally encoded counterparts; this feature favors medical applications. These results, and others formerly published, demonstrate that our approach can generate antibody fragments suitable for prophylaxis and therapeutics.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01528-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,22]],"date-time":"2007-05-22T16:35:23Z","timestamp":1179851723000},"page":"2758-2764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["High-Affinity, Human Antibody-Like Antibody Fragment (Single-Chain Variable Fragment) Neutralizing the Lethal Factor (LF) of\n            <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n            by Inhibiting Protective Antigen-LF Complex Formation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Thibaut","family":"Pelat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Biotechnologie des Anticorps, De\u0301partement de Biologie des Agents Transmissibles, Centre de Recherche du Service de Sante\u0301 des Arme\u0301es, La Tronche"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut fu\u0308r Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Technische Universita\u0308t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Laffly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Biotechnologie des Anticorps, De\u0301partement de Biologie des Agents Transmissibles, Centre de Recherche du Service de Sante\u0301 des Arme\u0301es, La Tronche"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Condemine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Biotechnologie des Anticorps, De\u0301partement de Biologie des Agents Transmissibles, Centre de Recherche du Service de Sante\u0301 des Arme\u0301es, La Tronche"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Bottex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Biotechnologie des Anticorps, De\u0301partement de Biologie des Agents Transmissibles, Centre de Recherche du Service de Sante\u0301 des Arme\u0301es, La Tronche"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Biotechnologie des Anticorps, De\u0301partement de Biologie des Agents Transmissibles, Centre de Recherche du Service de Sante\u0301 des Arme\u0301es, La Tronche"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Paule","family":"Lefranc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'ImmunoGe\u0301ne\u0301tique Mole\u0301culaire (LIGM), Universite\u0301 Montpellier II, UPR CNRS 1142, Institut de Ge\u0301ne\u0301tique Humaine (IGH), Montpellier, and Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Du\u0308bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut fu\u0308r Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Technische Universita\u0308t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Thullier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Biotechnologie des Anticorps, De\u0301partement de Biologie des Agents Transmissibles, Centre de Recherche du Service de Sante\u0301 des Arme\u0301es, La Tronche"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(00)00221-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(00)00168-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Expert consultation on monoclonal antibodies for anthrax rPA. 2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.03112.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00464-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6313-6317.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096032700678815783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/13.12.4431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0808.010516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi000310u"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.45.3.761-767.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkj088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"8","volume":"6","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goldman, M. 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