{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T03:28:07Z","timestamp":1788406087782,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009947","name":"Merck Sharp and Dohme United Kingdom","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MISP#IISP60170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MISP#IISP60170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI24CIII\/00045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI24CIII\/00045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017642","name":"Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024-161570OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-161570OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have significantly reduced disease burden caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. The rise of non-vaccine serotypes is a frequent phenomenon after the use of these PCVs. This study is a national surveillance that includes all pneumococcal isolates causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (4,455 isolates) in the pediatric population to analyze the changes of strains with reduced susceptibility (IPD-RS) to different antibiotics (1,458 to penicillin\/1,304 to erythromycin) and the impact of PCVs and COVID-19 pandemic on antibiotic resistance. Six periods are differentiated according to this decline: pre-PCV13, early PCV13, middle PCV13, late PCV13, COVID-19, and reopening. Between 2009 and 2023, overall IPD cases in Spain decreased by over 60% in children aged 1\u20134 years and by approximately 50% in infants under 1 year of age. Nevertheless, an increase in IPD-RS caused by non-PCV13 serotypes was observed, with serotype 24F being the most prevalent, which is not included in the currently licensed PCVs. The introduction of PCV13 showed a substantial impact on reducing IPD in children. The COVID-19 pandemic led to a temporary decline in the burden of disease caused by resistant strains in 2020 due to non-pharmacological measures followed by a subsequent recovery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01530-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:25:13Z","timestamp":1767191113000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Emergence of antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in children, Spain"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Llorente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02msb5n36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Spanish University of Distance Education (UNED)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04vfhnm78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital. Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)","place":["Seville, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Sempere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirella","family":"Llamos\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Covadonga","family":"P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A\u00edda","family":"\u00dabeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick Joan","family":"Vidal-Alc\u00e1ntara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040scgh75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Regional Public Health Laboratory, Comunidad de Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0942-8180","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mirian","family":"Domenech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7996-0837","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jose","family":"Yuste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30310-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00706-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00108-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1483"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00127-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy263"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000069761.11093.c3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1658431"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00241-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2521845"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30478-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab482"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-011341"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2801.210734"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.45.2400108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30297-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30165-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00158-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137565"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.16.1900457"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137565"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30349-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2021.151543"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00526-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","unstructured":"2020. Informe T\u00e9cnico Del Ministerio de Sanidad de Espa\u00f1a. Actualizado a 6 de Marzo. Available from: https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=26.+Informe+t%C3%A9cnico+del+Ministerio+de+Sanidad+de+Espa%C3%B1a.+Actualizado+a+6+de+marzo+2020.https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanidad.gob.es%2Fprofesionales%2FsaludPublica%2Fccayes%2FalertasActual%2FnCov%2Fdocumentos%2F20200306_ITCoronavirus.pdf"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aac.01530-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aac.01530-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T14:02:00Z","timestamp":1770213720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aac.01530-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andreas H.","family":"Groll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aac.01530-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01530-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01530-25"}}