{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:02:15Z","timestamp":1791302535343,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"Singapore National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1102-IRIS-12-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1102-IRIS-12-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Wastewater discharged from clinical isolation and general wards at two hospitals in Singapore was examined to determine the emerging trends of antibiotic resistance (AR). We quantified the concentrations of 12 antibiotic compounds by analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS), antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), the class 1 integrase gene (\n                    <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and 16 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that confer resistance to 10 different clinically relevant antibiotics. A subset of 119 antibiotic-resistant isolates were phylogenetically classified and tested for the presence of ARGs encoding resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics (\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>KPC<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), amikacin [\n                    <jats:italic>aac(6\u2032)-Ib<\/jats:italic>\n                    ], co-trimoxazole (\n                    <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>dfrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), ciprofloxacin (\n                    <jats:italic>qnrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>qnrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and the\n                    <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Among these resistant isolates, 80.7% were detected with\n                    <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 66.4% were found to carry at least 1 of the tested ARGs. Among 3 sampled locations, the clinical isolation ward had the highest concentrations of ARB and the highest levels of ARGs linked to resistance to \u03b2-lactam (\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>KPC<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), co-trimoxazole (\n                    <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>dfrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), amikacin [\n                    <jats:italic>aac(6\u2032)-Ib<\/jats:italic>\n                    ], ciprofloxacin (\n                    <jats:italic>qnrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and\n                    <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We found strong positive correlations (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) between concentrations of bacteria resistant to meropenem, ceftazidime, amikacin, co-trimoxazole, and ciprofloxacin and abundances of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>KPC<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>aac(6\u2032)-Ib<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>dfrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>qnrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01556-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]],"date-time":"2016-10-11T13:04:42Z","timestamp":1476191082000},"page":"7449-7456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Occurrences and Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Genetic Determinants of Hospital Wastewater in a Tropical Country"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Thai-Hoang","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charmaine","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin Zhu","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tse Hsien","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy Mark Sebastian","family":"Barkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1252-2626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina Yew-Hoong","family":"Gin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03902.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00295.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.05072.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.12.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02898-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3399-c1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","volume-title":"WHO global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance","author":"WHO","year":"2001","unstructured":"WHO. 2001. 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