{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T12:51:49Z","timestamp":1775825509409,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n The present study evaluated the growth-inhibitory effects of clofazimine, currently used for treating leprosy, against\n Babesia bovis<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n B. bigemina<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>\n , and\n Theileria equi<\/jats:named-content>\n in\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n culture and against\n Babesia microti<\/jats:named-content>\n in mice. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n s) of clofazimine against the\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n growth of\n B. bovis<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n B. bigemina<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n B. caballi<\/jats:named-content>\n , and\n T. equi<\/jats:italic>\n were 4.5, 3, 4.3, and 0.29 \u03bcM, respectively. In mice infected with\n B. microti<\/jats:named-content>\n , treatment with 20 mg\/kg of body weight of clofazimine administered orally resulted in a significantly lower peak parasitemia (5.3%) than that in the control group (45.9%), which was comparable to the subcutaneous administration of 25 mg\/kg diminazene aceturate, the most widely used treatment for animal piroplasmosis. Although slight anemia was observed in both clofazimine- and diminazene aceturate-treated infected mice, the level and duration of anemia were lower and shorter, respectively, than those in untreated infected mice. Using blood transfusions and PCR, we also examined whether clofazimine completely killed\n B. microti<\/jats:named-content>\n . On day 40 postinfection, when blood analysis was performed, parasites were not found in blood smears; however, the DNA of\n B. microti<\/jats:named-content>\n was detected in the blood of clofazimine-treated animals and in several tissues of clofazimine- and diminazene aceturate-treated mice by PCR. The growth of parasites was observed in mice after blood transfusions from clofazimine-treated mice. In conclusion, clofazimine showed excellent inhibitory effects against\n Babesia<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n Theileria in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n , and further study on clofazimine is required for the future development of a novel chemotherapy with high efficacy and safety against animal piroplasmosis and, possibly, human babesiosis.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01614-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]],"date-time":"2016-02-17T03:49:32Z","timestamp":1455680972000},"page":"2739-2746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Clofazimine Inhibits the Growth of Babesia and Theileria Parasites\n In Vitro<\/i>\n and\n In Vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Bumduuren","family":"Tuvshintulga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"AbouLaila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufiya, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Batdorj","family":"Davaasuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aki","family":"Ishiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thillaiampalam","family":"Sivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoaki","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Iwatsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Otoguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"\u014cmura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.451-469.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003004748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12168"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712799828355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"318","article-title":"The riminophenazine agents clofazimine and B669 inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell lines in vitro by phospholipase A2 mediated oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms","volume":"53","author":"Van Rensburg CE","year":"1993","unstructured":"Van Rensburg CE, Van Staden AM, Anderson R. 1993. 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