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The purpose of this study was to determine the killing efficacy of cationic antimicrobial peptide LL-37 compared to conventional antibiotics against extra- and intracellular\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Bacterial killing assays and an infection model of osteoblasts and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            were studied to determine the bacterial killing efficacy of LL-37 and conventional antibiotics against extra- and intracellular\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            . We found that LL-37 was effective in killing extracellular\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            at nanomolar concentrations, while lactoferricin B was effective at micromolar concentrations and doxycycline and cefazolin at millimolar concentrations. LL-37 was surprisingly more effective in killing the clinical strain than in killing an ATCC strain of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Moreover, LL-37 was superior to conventional antibiotics in eliminating intracellular\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            . The kinetic studies further revealed that LL-37 was fast in eliminating both extra- and intracellular\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Therefore, LL-37 was shown to be very potent and prompt in eliminating both extra- and intracellular\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            and was more effective in killing extra- and intracellular\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            than commonly used conventional antibiotics. LL-37 could potentially be used to treat chronic and recurrent infections due to its effectiveness in eliminating not only extracellular but also intracellular pathogens.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01650-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,29]],"date-time":"2012-12-29T07:14:08Z","timestamp":1356765248000},"page":"1283-1290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Is Effective against both Extra- and Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Jabeen","family":"Noore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adly","family":"Noore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"},{"name":"WVNano Initiative, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"},{"name":"Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0804651"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe058023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2001.00054.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/382361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/533590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.1.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000133044.79130.2a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.15.1763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2009. 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