{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T03:29:48Z","timestamp":1776310188835,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Emergence of chronic inflammation in the urogenital tract induced by\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection in females is a long-standing concern. To avoid the severe sequelae of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection, such as pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), ectopic pregnancies, and tubal infertility, antibiotic strategies aim to eradicate the pathogen even in asymptomatic and uncomplicated infections. Although first-line antimicrobials have proven successful for the treatment of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection, treatment failures have been observed in a notable number of cases. Due to the obligate intracellular growth of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , reliable antimicrobial susceptibility assays have to consider environmental conditions and host cell-specific factors. Oxygen concentrations in the female urogenital tract are physiologically low and decrease further during an inflammatory process. We compared MIC testing and time-kill curves (TKC) for doxycycline, azithromycin, rifampin, and moxifloxacin under hypoxia (2% O\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            ) and normoxia (20% O\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            ). While low oxygen availability only moderately decreased the antichlamydial activity of azithromycin in conventional MIC testing (0.08 \u03bcg\/ml versus 0.04 \u03bcg\/ml;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05), TKC analyses revealed profound divergences for antibiotic efficacies between the two conditions. Thus,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            was significantly less rapidly killed by doxycycline and azithromycin under hypoxia, whereas the efficacies of moxifloxacin and rifampin remained unaffected using concentrations at therapeutic serum levels. Chemical inhibition of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR-1), but not multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP-1), restored doxycycline activity against intracellular\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n            under hypoxia. We suggest careful consideration of tissue-specific characteristics, including oxygen availability, when testing antimicrobial activities of antibiotics against intracellular bacteria.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01655-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]],"date-time":"2011-02-15T10:20:09Z","timestamp":1297765209000},"page":"2319-2324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Impact of a Low-Oxygen Environment on the Efficacy of Antimicrobials against Intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Kensuke","family":"Shima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rta","family":"Szasz\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Solbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Gieffers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIAMEDIS, Diagnostic Medicine Sennestadt, Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Rupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Clinic III\/Infectious Diseases, UK-SH\/Campus L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/648734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01005-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595689"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006","volume":"55","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006. 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