{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:53:53Z","timestamp":1790211233870,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Studies about the relationship between antibiotic consumption and carriage of antibiotic-resistant\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            in individual patients have yielded conflicting results. The goal of this study was to identify individual- and household-level factors associated with carriage of ampicillin (AMP)-resistant\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            during consumption of a course of oral antibiotics. We enrolled outpatients and their families in a prospective household study of AMP-resistant or AMP-susceptible\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            carriage. Two kinds of index patients were identified. Group 1 consisted of outpatients who were being initiated on a new antibiotic course at the time of a clinic visit, and group 2 consisted of outpatients not starting antibiotics. Each participant was asked to submit three stool swab samples (at baseline, week 1, and week 4) and to complete a questionnaire. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on each phenotypically distinct\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            colony. The study included 149 group 1 households (total, 570 participants) and 38 group 2 households (total, 131 participants). AMP-resistant\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            was recovered from 29% of stool samples. Observed associations with antibiotic exposure varied by drug class. Penicillins, which were the most frequently prescribed drug class, were associated with a modest increase in AMP-resistant\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            carriage and a modest decrease in AMP-susceptible\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            carriage. Neither change by itself was statistically significant. Macrolides were associated with reduced carriage of both AMP-resistant\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            and AMP-susceptible\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05). Both AMP-resistant and AMP-susceptible\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            demonstrated household clustering (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001). In summary, the overall effect of antibiotics on individual risk of carriage of AMP-resistant\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            was small. However, even a modest alteration of the competitive balance between AMP-resistant and AMP-susceptible\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            may promote population spread of resistant\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            . Examining changes in both resistant and susceptible organisms in antibiotic-treated individuals and their close contacts improves understanding of antibiotic selection pressure.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01708-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,30]],"date-time":"2010-11-30T04:45:25Z","timestamp":1291092325000},"page":"1135-1141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Impact of Outpatient Antibiotic Use on Carriage of Ampicillin-Resistant\n            <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Samore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Salt Lake City VA Healthcare System, IDEAS Research Center, Salt Lake City, Utah"},{"name":"University of Utah, School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Tonnerre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Lyon","family":"Hannah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Stoddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Borotkanics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bassam","family":"Haddadin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Harbarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Control Program, University of Geneva Hospitals and Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10766290260469660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing 2007 vol. 27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7451.1297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/600122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.031015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322677"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1106.050167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540110076589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/524844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0804.010312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.4.515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198201213060302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01841.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.7.1429"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.4.856"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32832d52e0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01008-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02962250"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial 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Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.01708-09","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.01708-09","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T18:18:49Z","timestamp":1645467529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.01708-09"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.01708-09"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01708-09","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-12-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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