{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:24:49Z","timestamp":1780061089624,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"ACC GmbH"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB 630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002745","name":"Bayerische Forschungsstiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Springs and Parachutes"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Springs and Parachutes"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002745","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a major tropical disease for which few drugs for treatment are available, driving the need for novel active compounds. Recently, morpholino-substituted benzyl amides of the fluoroquinolone-type antibiotics were identified to be compounds highly active against\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Since the lead compound GHQ168 was challenged by poor water solubility in previous trials, the aim of this study was to introduce structural variations to GHQ168 as well as to formulate GHQ168 with the ultimate goal to increase its aqueous solubility while maintaining its\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            antitrypanosomal activity. The pharmacokinetic parameters of spray-dried GHQ168 and the newly synthesized compounds GHQ242 and GHQ243 in mice were characterized by elimination half-lives ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 h after intraperitoneal administration (4 mice\/compound), moderate to strong human serum albumin binding for GHQ168 (80%) and GHQ243 (45%), and very high human serum albumin binding (&gt;99%) for GHQ242. For the lead compound, GHQ168, the apparent clearance was 112 ml\/h and the apparent volume of distribution was 14 liters\/kg of body weight (BW). Mice infected with\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:named-content>\n            (STIB900) were treated in a stringent study scheme (2 daily applications between days 3 and 6 postinfection). Exposure to spray-dried GHQ168 in contrast to the control treatment resulted in mean survival durations of 17 versus 9 days, respectively, a difference that was statistically significant. Results that were statistically insignificantly different were obtained between the control and the GHQ242 and GHQ243 treatments. Therefore, GHQ168 was further profiled in an early-treatment scheme (2 daily applications at days 1 to 4 postinfection), and the results were compared with those obtained with a control treatment. The result was statistically significant mean survival times exceeding 32 days (end of the observation period) versus 7 days for the GHQ168 and control treatments, respectively. Spray-dried GHQ168 demonstrated exciting antitrypanosomal efficacy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01757-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T02:19:05Z","timestamp":1462241945000},"page":"4442-4452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Quinolone Amides as Antitrypanosomal Lead Compounds with\n            <i>In Vivo<\/i>\n            Activity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Georg","family":"Hiltensperger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Institut f\u00fcr Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Hecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Institut f\u00fcr Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Parasite Chemotherapy, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens-Christoph","family":"Rybak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Institut f\u00fcr Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hoerst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Institut f\u00fcr Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Dannenbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Institut f\u00fcr Anorganische Chemie, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"M\u00fcller-Buschbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Institut f\u00fcr Anorganische Chemie, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Bruhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Esch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Institut f\u00fcr Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leane","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Institut f\u00fcr Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenz","family":"Meinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Institut f\u00fcr Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Holzgrabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Institut f\u00fcr Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S39728"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70191-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08771"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"343","article-title":"Antitrypanosomal naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids and related compounds","volume":"58","author":"Bringmann G","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bringmann G, Hoerr V, Holzgrabe U, Stich A. 2003. 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