{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:44:32Z","timestamp":1783691072840,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            colonizes the human urogenital tract and causes trichomoniasis, the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease. Currently, 5-nitroimidazoles are the only recommended drugs for treating trichomoniasis. However, increased resistance of the parasite to 5-nitroimidazoles has emerged as a highly problematic public health issue. Hence, it is essential to identify alternative chemotherapeutic agents against refractory trichomoniasis. Tetracycline (TET) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with activity against several protozoan parasites, but the mode of action of TET in parasites remains poorly understood. The\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            effect of TET on the growth of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            was examined, and the mode of cell death was verified by various apoptosis-related assays. Next-generation sequencing-based RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to elucidate the transcriptome of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            in response to TET. We show that TET has a cytotoxic effect on both metronidazole (MTZ)-sensitive and -resistant\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates, inducing some features resembling apoptosis. RNA-seq data reveal that TET significantly alters the transcriptome via activation of specific pathways, such as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and carbohydrate metabolism. Functional analyses demonstrate that TET disrupts the hydrogenosomal membrane potential and antioxidant system, which concomitantly elicits a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, suggesting that the hydrogenosomal function is impaired and triggers cell death. Collectively, we provide\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            evidence that TET is a potential alternative therapeutic choice for treating MTZ-resistant\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . The in-depth transcriptomic signatures in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            upon TET treatment presented here will shed light on the signaling pathways linking to cell death in amitochondriate organisms.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01779-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T01:40:12Z","timestamp":1440466812000},"page":"6891-6903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Novel Insights into the Molecular Events Linking to Cell Death Induced by Tetracycline in the Amitochondriate Protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Kuo-Yang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Man","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Hung","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Ching","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Jung","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichieh Julie","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Chieh","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Kai","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsueh-Hsia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petrus","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Bioinformatics Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infection","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2012. 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