{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:40:34Z","timestamp":1790019634529,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Pathogenic\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leptospira<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp., the causative agents of leptospirosis, are slow-growing Gram-negative spirochetes. Isolation of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leptospira<\/jats:named-content>\n            from clinical samples and testing of antimicrobial susceptibility are difficult and time-consuming. Here, we describe the development of a new solid medium that facilitates more-rapid growth of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leptospira<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp. and the use of this medium to evaluate the Etest's performance in determining antimicrobial MICs to drugs in common use for leptospirosis. The medium was developed by evaluating the effects of numerous factors on the growth rate of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain NR-20157. These included the type of base agar, the concentration of rabbit serum (RS), and the concentration and duration of CO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            incubation during the initial period of culture. The highest growth rate of NR-20157 was achieved using a Noble agar base supplemented with 10% RS (named LVW agar), with an initial incubation at 30\u00b0C in 5% CO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            for 2 days prior to continuous culture in air at 30\u00b0C. These conditions were used to develop the Etest for three species,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. interrogans<\/jats:named-content>\n            (NR-20161),\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. kirschnerii<\/jats:named-content>\n            (NR-20327), and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. borgpetersenii<\/jats:named-content>\n            (NR-20151). The MICs were read on day 7 for all samples. The Etest was then performed on 109 isolates of pathogenic\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leptospira<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp. The MIC\n            <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n            values for penicillin G, doxycycline, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and chloramphenicol were 0.64 units\/ml and 0.19, 0.047, 0.5, and 2 \u03bcg\/ml, respectively. The use of LVW agar, which enables rapid growth, isolation of single colonies, and simple antimicrobial susceptibility testing for\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leptospira<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp., provides an opportunity for new areas of fundamental and applied research.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01812-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:17:28Z","timestamp":1351729048000},"page":"297-302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Rapid Isolation and Susceptibility Testing of Leptospira spp. Using a New Solid Medium, LVW Agar"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Vanaporn","family":"Wuthiekanun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Premjit","family":"Amornchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Paris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayan","family":"Langla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janjira","family":"Thaipadunpanit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wirongrong","family":"Chierakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee D.","family":"Smythe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO\/FAO\/OIE Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Centre for Public Health Sciences, Queensland Health Scientific Services, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas P. J.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Direk","family":"Limmathurotsakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon J.","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485906X112158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02430-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.8.2646-2648.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2006.7.4.355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Sensitivity of Borrelia and Leptospira to quinupristin-dalfopristin (Synercid) in vitro","volume":"24","author":"Murgia R","year":"2001","unstructured":"MurgiaR CincoM. 2001. Sensitivity of Borrelia and Leptospira to quinupristin-dalfopristin (Synercid) in vitro. New Microbiol. 24:193\u2013196.","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.685"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.5.1548-1552.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.4002-4005.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.24.6.905"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00044-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375226"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91230-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.26.1.118-119.1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"SmytheLD. 2012. EMJH agar. Quality Information Systems Document number 14340 vol 3.0. WHO\/FAO\/OIE Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services Queensland Health Queensland Australia."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.137.3.1406-1412.1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32805-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782004000300030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","volume-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis.","author":"Faine S","year":"1999","unstructured":"FaineS AdlerB BolinC PerolatP. 1999. Leptospira and leptospirosis. MediSci, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.85.4.875-880.1963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0473-3-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.86.3.482-489.1963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.13.1.102-105.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.73.4.587-589.1957"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.23.3.500-504.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.83.3.668-672.1962"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis403"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.01812-12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.01812-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T22:32:37Z","timestamp":1645482757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.01812-12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.01812-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01812-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-09-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-10-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-12-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}