{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:14:37Z","timestamp":1789614877664,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan via a Grant- in- Aid for Scientific Research","award":["23K07793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K07793"]}]},{"name":"Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd.","award":["Joint research on the mechanisms of resistance to azole compounds in dermatophytes"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Joint research on the mechanisms of resistance to azole compounds in dermatophytes"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The resistance of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichophyton indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                      to azoles is mainly due to the overexpression of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TinCYP51B,<\/jats:italic>\n                      resulting from additional copies of this gene in two types of strains (type I and type II). Due to its large size and the significant number of duplicated blocks, whole-genome sequencing has been unable to cover the entire\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TinCYP51B<\/jats:italic>\n                      locus. Through optical genome mapping (OGM), we have successfully determined the copy number of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TinCYP51B<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene in the genomes of resistant strains. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TinCYP51B<\/jats:italic>\n                      copy number was lower in the type I strains than in the type II strains, while the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TinCYP51B<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression level was higher in the type I strains. To explain this paradox, we have revealed that polycistronic transcription of multiple\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TinCYP51B<\/jats:italic>\n                      open reading frames (ORFs) alongside monocistronic transcription occurs in type I azole-resistant strains. In contrast, type II strains generated only the transcripts encoding one CYP51B polypeptide. OGM has also revealed that a 970 kb region on chromosome 3 is inverted in type I strains and the azole-susceptible strain TIMM20115, as compared to type II strains and the azole-susceptible strain TIMM20114. This has led to the hypothesis that under azole stress, type I resistant strains originate from susceptible strains such as TIMM20115, which possesses a single\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TinCYP51B<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. Conversely, it is believed that type II azole-resistant strains evolve from susceptible strains such as TIMM20114, which also has only one\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TinCYP51B<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. In conclusion, strains of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichophyton indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                      can be divided into two groups in which a distinct type of resistance has developed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01817-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T13:00:49Z","timestamp":1774962049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The entire\n                    <i>CYP51B<\/i>\n                    locus in azole-resistant isolates of the dermatophyte\n                    <i>Trichophyton indotineae<\/i>\n                    revealed by optical genome 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