{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:04:27Z","timestamp":1767773067323},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","award":["12-MED2681-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-MED2681-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Photodynamic inactivation of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp. requires the cellular uptake of photosensitizers, e.g., endocytosis of silicon(IV)-phthalocyanines (PC) axially substituted with bulky ligands. We report here that when substituted with amino-containing ligands, the PCs (PC1 and PC2) were endocytosed and displayed improved potency against\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania tropica<\/jats:named-content>\n            promastigotes and axenic amastigotes\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . The uptake of these PCs by both\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>\n            stages followed saturation kinetics, as expected. Sensitive assays were developed for assessing the photodynamic inactivation of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp. by rendering them fluorescent in two ways: transfecting promastigotes to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and loading them with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE). PC-sensitized\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania tropica<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains were seen microscopically to lose their motility, structural integrity, and GFP\/CFSE fluorescence after exposure to red light (wavelength, \u223c650 nm) at a fluence of 1 to 2 J cm\n            <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n            . Quantitative fluorescence assays based on the loss of GFP\/CFSE from live\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania tropica<\/jats:named-content>\n            showed that PC1 and PC2 dose dependently sensitized both stages for photoinactivation, consistent with the results of a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay.\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania tropica<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains are &gt;100 times more sensitive than their host cells or macrophages to PC1- and PC2-mediated photoinactivation, judging from the estimated 50% effective concentrations (EC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            s) of these cells. Axial substitution of the PC with amino groups instead of other ligands appears to increase its leishmanial photolytic activity by up to 40-fold. PC1 and PC2 are thus potentially useful for photodynamic therapy of leishmaniasis and for oxidative photoinactivation of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp. for use as vaccines or vaccine carriers.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01879-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,12]],"date-time":"2016-01-12T03:49:28Z","timestamp":1452570568000},"page":"2003-2011","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Aminophthalocyanine-Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation of Leishmania tropica"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Qahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Alkahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bala","family":"Kolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology\/Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology\/Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujoy","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology\/Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Al-Kahtane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiong-Jie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis K. P.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwang Poo","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology\/Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579816"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/era.10.154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2010.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(95)03818-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200401700304","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy targeted to pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Demidova TN","year":"2004","unstructured":"Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. 2004. 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