{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:30:15Z","timestamp":1790314215488,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Malaria control is hindered by the evolution and spread of resistance to antimalarials, necessitating multiple changes to drug policies over time. A comprehensive antimalarial drug resistance surveillance program is vital for detecting the potential emergence of resistance to antimalarials, including current artemisinin-based combination therapies. An antimalarial drug resistance surveillance study involving 203\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n            malaria-positive children was conducted in western Kenya between 2010 and 2013. Specimens from enrolled children were analyzed\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            for sensitivity to chloroquine (CQ), amodiaquine (AQ), mefloquine (MQ), lumefantrine, and artemisinin derivatives (artesunate and dihydroartemisinin) and for drug resistance allele polymorphisms in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. falciparum crt<\/jats:named-content>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>Pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n            ),\n            <jats:italic>Pfmdr-1<\/jats:italic>\n            , and the K13 propeller domain (K13). We observed a significant increase in the proportion of samples with the\n            <jats:italic>Pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n            wild-type (CVMNK) genotype, from 61.2% in 2010 to 93.0% in 2013 (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.0001), and higher proportions of parasites with elevated sensitivity to CQ\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . The majority of isolates harbored the wild-type N allele in\n            <jats:italic>Pfmdr-1<\/jats:italic>\n            codon 86 (93.5%), with only 7 (3.50%) samples with the N86\n            <jats:underline>Y<\/jats:underline>\n            mutant allele (the mutant nucleotide is underlined). Likewise, most isolates harbored the wild-type\n            <jats:italic>Pfmdr-1<\/jats:italic>\n            D1246 allele (79.8%), with only 12 (6.38%) specimens with the D1246\n            <jats:underline>Y<\/jats:underline>\n            mutant allele and 26 (13.8%) with mixed alleles. All the samples had a single copy of the\n            <jats:italic>Pfmdr-1<\/jats:italic>\n            gene (mean of 0.907 \u00b1 0.141 copies). None of the sequenced parasites had mutations in K13. Our results suggest that artemisinin is likely to remain highly efficacious and that CQ sensitivity appears to be on the rise in western Kenya.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01894-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]],"date-time":"2015-09-22T02:23:49Z","timestamp":1442888629000},"page":"7540-7547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            and Molecular Surveillance for Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum Parasites in Western Kenya Reveals Sustained Artemisinin Sensitivity and Increased Chloroquine Sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Naomi W.","family":"Lucchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franklin","family":"Komino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute\/Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila Akinyi","family":"Okoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Onyona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute\/Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan E.","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute\/Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya Ping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Barnwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkatachalam","family":"Udhayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute\/Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"574","article-title":"WHO calls for an immediate halt to provision of single-drug artemisinin malaria pills. 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