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Here we formulated nanometric amphotericin B (AmB)-encapsulated chitosan nanocapsules (CNC-AmB) using a polymer deposition technique mediated by nanoemulsion template fabrication. CNC-AmB exhibited good steric stability<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, where the chitosan content was found to be efficient at preventing destabilization in the presence of protein and Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. A toxicity study on the model cell line J774A and erythrocytes revealed that CNC-AmB was less toxic than commercialized AmB formulations such as Fungizone and AmBisome. The results of<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>(macrophage-amastigote system; 50% inhibitory concentration [IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>], 0.19 \u00b1 0.04 \u03bcg AmB\/ml) and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>(<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania donovani<\/jats:named-content>-infected hamsters; 86.1% \u00b1 2.08% parasite inhibition) experiments in conjunction with effective internalization by macrophages illustrated the efficacy of CNC-AmB at augmenting antileishmanial properties. Quantitative mRNA analysis by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) showed that the improved effect was synergized with the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and inducible nitric oxide synthase and with the downregulation of transforming growth factor \u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2), IL-10, and IL-4. These research findings suggest that a cost-effective CNC-AmB immunoadjuvant chemotherapeutic delivery system could be a viable alternative to the current high-cost commercial lipid-based formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01984-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]],"date-time":"2013-01-29T02:24:16Z","timestamp":1359426256000},"page":"1714-1722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Immunoadjuvant Chemotherapy of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Hamsters Using Amphotericin B-Encapsulated Nanoemulsion Template-Based Chitosan Nanocapsules"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Shalini","family":"Asthana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR\u2014Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil K.","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Division, CSIR\u2014Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramod K.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR\u2014Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek K.","family":"Pawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR\u2014Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Dube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Division, CSIR\u2014Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish K.","family":"Chourasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR\u2014Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Control of the leishmaniases: report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2010. 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