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It is most frequently caused by encapsulated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            and nontypeable\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:named-content>\n            , although the widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines is apparently producing an increase in the carriage of nonencapsulated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Frequently, pneumococci and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. influenzae<\/jats:named-content>\n            live together in the human nasopharynx, forming a self-produced biofilm. Biofilms present a global medical challenge since the inherent antibiotic resistance of their producers demands the use of large doses of antibiotics over prolonged periods. Frequently, these therapeutic measures fail, contributing to bacterial persistence. Here, we describe the development of an\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            nonencapsulated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            -nontypeable\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. influenzae<\/jats:named-content>\n            biofilm system with polystyrene or glass-bottom plates. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and specific fluorescent labeling of pneumococcal cells with\n            <jats:italic>Helix<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">pomatia<\/jats:named-content>\n            agglutinin revealed an even distribution of both species within the biofilm. This simple and robust protocol of mixed biofilms was used to test the antimicrobial properties of two well-known antioxidants that are widely used in the clinical setting, i.e.,\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -acetyl-\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -cysteine and cysteamine. This repurposing approach showed the high potency of\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -acetyl-\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -cysteine and cysteamine against mixed biofilms of nonencapsulated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            and nontypeable\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. influenzae<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Decades of clinical use mean that these compounds are safe to use, which may accelerate their evaluation in humans.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01992-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,6]],"date-time":"2016-12-06T03:00:36Z","timestamp":1480993236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["<i>N<\/i>\n            -Acetyl-\n            <scp>l<\/scp>\n            -Cysteine and Cysteamine as New Strategies against Mixed Biofilms of Nonencapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Mirian","family":"Domenech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda Molecular y Biolog\u00eda de las Infecciones, Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades 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