{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:26:07Z","timestamp":1789017967668,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015236","name":"Symbiomix Therapeutics LLC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015236","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Nitroimidazoles (metronidazole [MTZ] and tinidazole [TNZ]) are the only drugs recommended for treatment of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections. MTZ resistance occurs in 4% to 10% of cases of vaginal trichomoniasis (R. D. Kirkcaldy et al., Emerg Infect Dis 18:939\u2013943, 2012; J. R. Schwebke and F. J. Barrientes, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:4209\u20134210, 2006) and TNZ resistance in 1% of cases (J. R. Schwebke and F. J. Barrientes, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:4209\u20134210, 2006). Emerging nitroimidazole-resistant trichomoniasis is concerning, because few alternatives to standard therapy exist. We assessed the prevalence of\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            aerobic MTZ and secnidazole resistance among\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates collected in 2015 to 2016 from 100 women in Birmingham, Alabama, with positive cultures. Archived specimens were treated with secnidazole or MTZ (0.2 to 400 \u03bcg\/ml) for 48 h, according to U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention protocols. Ninety-six (96%) of the 100 clinical\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichomonas<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates tested demonstrated lower minimum lethal concentrations for secnidazole than for MTZ, suggesting that secnidazole has better\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            activity than MTZ.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02329-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T14:39:59Z","timestamp":1518100799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            Study of the Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis to Metronidazole and Secnidazole"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Arindam P.","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheri","family":"Aycock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane R.","family":"Schwebke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1055-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181b38a4b"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-051005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"354","article-title":"Double-blind comparison of a single dose and a five-day course of metronidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis","volume":"55","author":"Thin RN","year":"1979","unstructured":"Thin RN, Symonds MA, Booker R, Cook S, Langlet F. 1979. Double-blind comparison of a single dose and a five-day course of metronidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis. Br J Vener Dis 55:354\u2013356.","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030006058201000212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)81437-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015","volume":"64","author":"Workowski KA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Workowski KA, Bolan GA. 2015. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep 64(RR-3):1\u2013137.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462991913943"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH11114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH09064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31822037e4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31802f5d9a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"2141","article-title":"The generation of metronidazole radicals in hydrogenosomes isolated from Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"131","author":"Chapman A","year":"1985","unstructured":"Chapman A, Cammack R, Linstead D, Lloyd D. 1985. The generation of metronidazole radicals in hydrogenosomes isolated from Trichomonas vaginalis. J Gen Microbiol 131:2141\u20132144.","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3224-7_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2248"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971919110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803235002380"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1998.00338.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.11.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000398097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"Secnidazole: a 5-nitroimidazole derivative with a long half-life","volume":"54","author":"Videau D","year":"1978","unstructured":"Videau D, Niel G, Siboulet A, Catalan F. 1978. Secnidazole: a 5-nitroimidazole derivative with a long half-life. Br J Vener Dis 54:77\u201380.","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.783-793.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.344-347.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.1.73"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/323034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/153.5.948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318224db39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.15.2.254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00814-06"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.02329-17","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.02329-17","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T21:06:27Z","timestamp":1645477587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.02329-17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.02329-17"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02329-17","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-11-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-02-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-03-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02329-17"}}