{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:29:20Z","timestamp":1787016560933,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Antifungal exposure can elicit immunological effects that contribute to activity\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but this activity is rarely screened\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    in a fashion analogous to MIC testing. We used RAW 264.7 murine macrophages that express a secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene induced by transcriptional activation of NF-\u03baB and activator protein 1 (AP-1) to develop a screen for immunopharmacological activity of cell wall-active antifungal agents. Isolates of\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    that conditionally express genes involved in cell wall synthesis were also tested with the reporter macrophages. We found that growth of fungi in subinhibitory concentrations of glucan synthesis inhibitors (caspofungin and enfumafungin A) or repression of the \u03b2-glucan catalytic subunit of glucan synthase,\n                    <jats:italic>FKS1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , increased macrophage NF-\u03baB\/AP-1 activation in a dectin-1-dependent manner. This pattern of activation was also transiently observed with repression of chitin synthesis in\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    or when yeast cells were incubated in low concentrations of the chitin synthesis inhibitor nikkomycin Z.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02408-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]],"date-time":"2014-01-06T22:18:30Z","timestamp":1389046710000},"page":"1738-1743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay for Screening Immunopharmacological Activity of Cell Wall-Active Antifungals"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Russell E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangling","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios P.","family":"Kontoyiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306137200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/589304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.20746"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"M38","volume-title":"Reference method for both dilution susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2008. 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