{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:55:03Z","timestamp":1777528503644,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Treatment of leishmaniasis by chemotherapy remains a challenge because of limited efficacy, toxic side effects, and drug resistance. We previously reported that synthetic flavonoid dimers have potent antipromastigote and antiamastigote activity against\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania donovani<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Here, we further investigate their leishmanicidal activities against cutaneous\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>\n            species. One of the flavonoid dimers (compound 39) has marked antipromastigote (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            s], 0.19 to 0.69 \u03bcM) and antiamastigote (IC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            s, 0.17 to 2.2 \u03bcM) activities toward different species of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>\n            that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, including\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania amazonensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania braziliensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania tropica<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania major<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Compound 39 is not toxic to peritoneal elicited macrophages, with IC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            values higher than 88 \u03bcM. In the mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis induced by subcutaneous inoculation of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. amazonensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            in mouse footpads, intralesional administration of 2.5 mg\/kg of body weight of compound 39.HCl can reduce footpad thickness by 36%, compared with that of controls values. The amastigote load in the lesions was reduced 20-fold. The present study suggests that flavonoid dimer 39 represents a new class of safe and effective leishmanicidal agent against visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02425-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T04:54:28Z","timestamp":1396328068000},"page":"3379-3388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>In Vivo<\/i>\n            Efficacy of Novel Flavonoid Dimers against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Iris L. K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory in Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kin-Fai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory in Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Fu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease and Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Rong","family":"Lun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease and Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tak Hang","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory in Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Shenzhen, China"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry M. 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