{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:16:20Z","timestamp":1790381780639,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungi\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Coccidioides<\/jats:named-content>\n                    spp. The treatment for chronic and\/or disseminated coccidioidomycosis can be prolonged and complicated. Therefore, the search for new drugs is necessary. Farnesol is a precursor in the sterol biosynthesis pathway that has been shown to present antifungal activity. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    antifungal activity of farnesol alone and in combination with antifungal agents against clinical and environmental strains of\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Coccidioides posadasii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    as well as to determine their effect on the synthesis of ergosterol and on cell permeability. This study employed the broth macrodilution method to determine the MIC of farnesol against 18 strains of\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. posadasii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . Quantification of ergosterol was performed with 10 strains of\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. posadasii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    after exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of farnesol. Finally, the activity of farnesol was evaluated in the presence of osmotic stress, induced by the addition of NaCl to the culture medium, during the susceptibility tests. The results showed that farnesol exhibited low MICs (ranging from 0.00171 to 0.01369 mg\/liter) against all tested strains. The combination of farnesol with the antifungals showed synergistic effects (fractional inhibitory concentration index [FICI] \u2264 0.5). As for the ergosterol quantification, it was observed that exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of farnesol decreased the amount of ergosterol extracted from the fungal cells. Furthermore, farnesol also showed lower MIC values when the strains were subjected to osmotic stress, indicating the action of this compound on the fungal membrane. Thus, due to the high\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    antifungal activity, this work brings perspectives for the performance of\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies to further elucidate the effects of farnesol on the host cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02457-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]],"date-time":"2013-03-05T06:26:17Z","timestamp":1362464777000},"page":"2167-2170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Effect of Farnesol on Growth, Ergosterol Biosynthesis, and Cell Permeability in Coccidioides posadasii"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Raimunda S\u00e2mia Nogueira","family":"Brilhante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita Amanda Chaves","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica Pacheco","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Jaime Giffoni","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora de Souza Collares Maia","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce Fonteles","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tereza de Jesus Pinheiro Gomes","family":"Bandeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio Christus, College of Medicine, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossana de Aguiar","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Jalles","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 J\u00falio Costa","family":"Sidrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos F\u00e1bio Gadelha","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized 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