{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:47:59Z","timestamp":1790239679077,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within wounds, microorganisms predominantly exist as biofilms. Biofilms are associated with chronic infections and represent a tremendous clinical challenge. As antibiotics are often ineffective against biofilms, use of dispersal agents as adjunctive, topical therapies for the treatment of wound infections involving biofilms has gained interest. We evaluated<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>the dispersive activity of<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-amino acids (<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-AAs) on biofilms from clinical wound isolates of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>and<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>; moreover, we determined whether combinations of<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-AAs and antibiotics (clindamycin, cefazolin, oxacillin, rifampin, and vancomycin for<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>and amikacin, colistin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and ceftazidime for<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>) enhance activity against biofilms.<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-Met,<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-Phe, and<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-Trp at concentrations of \u22655 mM effectively dispersed preformed biofilms of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>and<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>clinical isolates, an effect that was enhanced when they were combined as an equimolar mixture (<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-Met\/<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-Phe\/<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-Trp). When combined with<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-AAs, the activity of rifampin was significantly enhanced against biofilms of clinical isolates of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>, as indicated by a reduction in the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) (from 32 to 8 \u03bcg\/ml) and a &gt;2-log reduction of viable biofilm bacteria compared to treatment with antibiotic alone. The addition of<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-AAs was also observed to enhance the activity of colistin and ciprofloxacin against biofilms of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>, reducing the observed MBIC and the number of viable bacteria by &gt;2 logs and 1 log at 64 and 32 \u03bcg\/ml in contrast to antibiotics alone. These findings indicate that the biofilm dispersal activity of<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-AAs may represent an effective strategy, in combination with antimicrobials, to release bacteria from biofilms, subsequently enhancing antimicrobial activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02468-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,20]],"date-time":"2014-05-20T05:04:47Z","timestamp":1400562287000},"page":"4353-4361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["<scp>d<\/scp>-Amino Acids Enhance the Activity of Antimicrobials against Biofilms of Clinical Wound Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Carlos J.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin S.","family":"Akers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desiree R.","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald L.","family":"Woodbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharanda K.","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clinton K.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph C.","family":"Wenke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.08.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.6.1790"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.3.382"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-43"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(99)00018-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Innate and induced resistance mechanisms of bacterial biofilms","volume":"322","author":"Anderson GG","year":"2008","unstructured":"AndersonGGO'TooleGA. 2008. 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