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Mononuclear phagocytes (MP; macrophages) are one of the natural reservoirs for both HIV and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>. Here, the treatment of HIV and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>coinfection was studied by preloading human macrophages with MP-targeted gallium (Ga) nanoparticles to limit subsequent simultaneous infection with both HIV and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>. Ga nanoparticles provided sustained drug release for 15 days and significantly inhibited the replication of both HIV and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>. Addition of Ga nanoparticles to MP already infected with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>or HIV resulted in a significant decrease in the magnitude of these infections, but the magnitude was less than that achieved with nanoparticle preloading of the MP. In addition, macrophages that were coinfected with HIV and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>and that were loaded with Ga nanoparticles reduced the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 secretion for up to 15 days after drug loading. Ga nanoparticles also reduced the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by ionomycin- and lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages, likely by modulating the I\u03baB kinase-\u03b2\/NF-\u03baB pathway. Delivery of Ga nanoparticles to macrophages is a potent long-acting approach for suppressing HIV and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>coinfection of macrophages<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and sets the stage for the development of new approaches to the treatment of these important infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02505-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]],"date-time":"2017-02-07T01:50:11Z","timestamp":1486432211000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Ga(III) Nanoparticles Inhibit Growth of both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV and Release of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in Coinfected Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Seoung-ryoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley E.","family":"Britigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, VA Medical Center Nebraska-Western Iowa, Omaha, Nebraska, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabagaran","family":"Narayanasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2016","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2016. 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