{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T12:58:03Z","timestamp":1762606683807,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03 AI091418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03 AI091418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The combination of all-\n            <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\n            retinoic acid (ATRA) and primaquine (PMQ) has been shown to be effective for therapy of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Pneumocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            pneumonia (PCP). Since a high concentration of ATRA has significant adverse effects, the possibility that vitamin D can be used to replace ATRA for PCP therapy was investigated. C57BL\/6 mice were immunosuppressed by depleting CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            cells and infected with\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Pneumocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:italic>murina<\/jats:italic>\n            1 week after initiation of immunosuppression. Three weeks after infection, the mice were treated orally for 3 weeks with vitamin D\n            <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n            (VitD3) alone, PMQ alone, a combination of VitD3 and PMQ (VitD3-PMQ), or a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Results showed that VitD3 (300 IU\/kg\/day) had a synergistic effect with PMQ (5 mg\/kg\/day) for therapy of PCP. Flow cytometric studies showed that this VitD3-PMQ combination recovered the CD11b\n            <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n            CD11c\n            <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n            alveolar macrophage population in mice with PCP as effectively as TMP-SMX. The VitD3-PMQ combination also reduced the massive infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lungs and the severity of lung damage. VitD3 was also shown to reduce the dose of TMP-SMX required for effective treatment of PCP. Taken together, results of this study suggest that a VitD3-PMQ combination can be used as an alternative therapy for PCP.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02607-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]],"date-time":"2015-12-15T04:43:50Z","timestamp":1450154630000},"page":"1289-1297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vitamin D as Supplemental Therapy for Pneumocystis Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Guang-Sheng","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle K.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao-Hung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2014. 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