{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:13:14Z","timestamp":1761059594765},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Amoxicillin is considered an option for postexposure prophylaxis of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            in pregnant and postpartum women who are breastfeeding and in children because of the potential toxicities of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline to the fetus and child. The amoxicillin regimen that effectively kills\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            and prevents resistance is unknown. Fourteen-day dose range and dose fractionation studies were conducted in\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            pharmacodynamic models to identify the exposure intensity and pharmacodynamic index of amoxicillin that are linked with optimized killing of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            and resistance prevention. Studies with dicloxacillin, a drug resistant to\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            beta-lactamase, evaluated the role of beta-lactamase production in the pharmacodynamic indices for\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            killing and resistance prevention. Dose fractionation studies showed that trough\/MIC and not time above MIC was the index for amoxicillin that was linked to successful outcome through resistance prevention. Failure of amoxicillin regimens was due to inducible or stable high level expression of beta-lactamases. Studies with dicloxacillin demonstrated that a time above MIC of \u226594% was linked with treatment success when\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            beta-lactamase activity was negated. Recursive partitioning analysis showed that amoxicillin regimens that produced peak concentrations of &lt;10.99 \u03bcg\/ml and troughs of &gt;1.75 \u03bcg\/ml provided a 100% success rate. Other amoxicillin peak and trough values produced success rates of 28 to 67%. For postpartum and pregnant women and children, Monte Carlo simulations predicted success rates for amoxicillin at 1 g every 8 h (q8h) of 53, 33, and 44% (30 mg\/kg q8h), respectively. We conclude that amoxicillin is suboptimal for postexposure prophylaxis of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            in pregnant and postpartum women and in children.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02616-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]],"date-time":"2013-09-17T03:45:54Z","timestamp":1379389554000},"page":"5946-5960","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Hollow-Fiber Pharmacodynamic Studies and Mathematical Modeling To Predict the Efficacy of Amoxicillin for Anthrax Postexposure Prophylaxis in Pregnant Women and Children"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Arnold","family":"Louie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"VanScoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kulawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. 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