{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:53:15Z","timestamp":1789728795609,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Queen Victoria Hospital Charitable Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000377","name":"Dunhill Medical Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R394\/1114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R394\/1114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    forms dense crystalline biofilms on catheter surfaces that occlude urine flow, leading to serious clinical complications in long-term catheterized patients, but there are presently no truly effective approaches to control catheter blockage by this organism. This study evaluated the potential for bacteriophage therapy to control\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. mirabilis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infection and prevent catheter blockage. Representative\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    models of the catheterized urinary tract, simulating a complete closed drainage system as used in clinical practice, were employed to evaluate the performance of phage therapy in preventing blockage. Models mimicking either an established infection or early colonization of the catheterized urinary tract were treated with a single dose of a 3-phage cocktail, and the impact on time taken for catheters to block, as well as levels of crystalline biofilm formation, was measured. In models of established infection, phage treatment significantly increased time taken for catheters to block (\u223c3-fold) compared to untreated controls. However, in models simulating early-stage infection, phage treatment eradicated\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. mirabilis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and prevented blockage entirely. Analysis of catheters from models of established infection 10 h after phage application demonstrated that phage significantly reduced crystalline biofilm formation but did not significantly reduce the level of planktonic cells in the residual bladder urine. Taken together, these results show that bacteriophage constitute a promising strategy for the prevention of catheter blockage but that methods to deliver phage in sufficient numbers and within a key therapeutic window (early infection) will also be important to the successful application of phage to this problem.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02685-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]],"date-time":"2015-12-28T22:23:15Z","timestamp":1451341395000},"page":"1530-1536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Bacteriophage Can Prevent Encrustation and Blockage of Urinary Catheters by Proteus mirabilis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Nzakizwanayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Hanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana R.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"McCutcheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Dedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Salvage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Knox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Surrey Hospital, Surrey and Sussex NHS Healthcare Trust, Redhill, Surrey, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Surrey Hospital, Surrey and Sussex NHS Healthcare Trust, Redhill, Surrey, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novolytics Ltd., Daresbury Science and Innovation Campus, Warrington, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan F.","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cormac G. M.","family":"Gahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Toby A.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian V.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mcpuro1231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"245","volume-title":"Urinary tract infections, molecular pathogenesis and clinical management","author":"Mobley HLT","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mobley HLT. 1996. Virulence of Proteus mirabilis, p 245\u2013265. In Mobley HLT, Warren JW (ed), Urinary tract infections, molecular pathogenesis and clinical management. 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