{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T21:15:04Z","timestamp":1766870104498},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Malaria is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries, including India. This study elucidates the cause of chloroquine treatment failure (for\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection) before the introduction of artemisinin combination therapy. One hundred twenty-six patients were randomized to chloroquine treatment, and the therapeutic efficacy was monitored from days 1 to 28. An\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            susceptibility test was performed with all isolates. Parasitic DNA was isolated, followed by PCR and restriction digestion of different codons of the\n            <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n            gene (codons 72 to 76) and the\n            <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>\n            gene (N86Y, Y184F, S1034C, N1042D, and D1246Y). Finally, sequencing was done to confirm the mutations. Forty-three (34.13%) early treatment failure cases and 16 (12.69%) late treatment failure cases were observed after chloroquine treatment.\n            <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            chloroquine resistance was found in 103 isolates (81.75%). Twenty-six (60.47%) early treatment failure cases and 6 (37.5%) late treatment failure cases were associated with the CVMNK-\n            <jats:underline>\n              <jats:bold>Y<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:underline>\n            YSN\n            <jats:underline>\n              <jats:bold>Y<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:underline>\n            allele (the underlined amino acids are those that were mutated). Moreover, the CV\n            <jats:underline>\n              <jats:bold>IE<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:underline>\n            K-\n            <jats:underline>\n              <jats:bold>Y<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:underline>\n            YSN\n            <jats:underline>\n              <jats:bold>Y<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:underline>\n            allele was found in 8 early treatment failure (18.60%) and 2 late treatment failure (12.5%) cases. The presence of the wild-type\n            <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n            (CVMNK) and\n            <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:underline>\n              <jats:bold>Y<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:underline>\n            YSN\n            <jats:underline>\n              <jats:bold>Y<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:underline>\n            ) double mutant allele in chloroquine-nonresponsive cases was quite uncommon.\n            <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            chloroquine treatment failure and\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            chloroquine resistance were strongly correlated with the CVMNK-\n            <jats:underline>\n              <jats:bold>Y<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:underline>\n            YSN\n            <jats:underline>\n              <jats:bold>Y<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:underline>\n            and CV\n            <jats:underline>\n              <jats:bold>IE<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:underline>\n            K-\n            <jats:underline>\n              <jats:bold>Y<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:underline>\n            YSN\n            <jats:underline>\n              <jats:bold>Y<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:underline>\n            haplotypes (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01).\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02762-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,29]],"date-time":"2014-07-29T06:34:28Z","timestamp":1406615668000},"page":"5909-5915","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Double Mutation in the\n            <i>pfmdr1<\/i>\n            Gene Is Associated with Emergence of Chloroquine-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Eastern India"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Sabyasachi","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santanu Kar","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satyajit","family":"Tripathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sourav","family":"Chattopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandeep Kumar","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debasis","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balaram","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amiya Kumar","family":"Hati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Entomology and Chairman, Division of Parasitology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Somenath","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 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