{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:27:35Z","timestamp":1788848855348,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Encystation of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            is associated with resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Blocking the encystation process could potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents and biocides. During encystation, autophagy is highly stimulated and required for proper encystation of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            . In this study, the cytotoxic effect of chloroquine, a well-known autophagy-inhibitory drug, was tested in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Chloroquine was able to selectively reduce cell survival during the encystation of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            . However,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            trophozoites and mature cysts were resistant to chloroquine. Chloroquine treatment led to an increase in the number and size of lysosomes in encysting cells. Moreover, chloroquine inhibited the degradation of long-lived proteins in the encysting cells. Decreased autophagic flux, indicated by an increased number of lysosomes and decreased degradation of long-lived proteins, may be the mechanism by which cell death is induced by chloroquine in encysting\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            . These results suggest a potential novel therapeutic application of chloroquine as an anti-\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            drug. Our findings also suggest that targeting autophagy could be a therapeutic strategy against\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.03164-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]],"date-time":"2014-08-12T06:36:28Z","timestamp":1407825388000},"page":"6235-6241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Chloroquine Has a Cytotoxic Effect on Acanthamoeba Encystation through Modulation of Autophagy"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Bijay Kumar","family":"Jha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Jung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Incheol","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Ah","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Il","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Ho","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won-Ki","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/484892"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00023.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl451"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02254-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/608253"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00410.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-85-1-139"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2007.45.4.283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2009.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2012.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2009.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2012.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2886-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)32633-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4814.811"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01623.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.7.3327"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"473","article-title":"Chloroquine-induced autophagic vacuole accumulation and cell death in glioma cells is p53 independent","volume":"12","author":"Geng Y","year":"2010","unstructured":"GengYKohliLKlockeBJRothKA. 2010. 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