{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:56:50Z","timestamp":1777892210819,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In this study, our objective was to determine whether a synergistic antimicrobial combination\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            would be beneficial in the downregulation of pneumococcal virulence genes and whether the associated inflammation of the lung tissue induced by multidrug-resistant\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            needs to be elucidated in order to consider this mode of therapy in case of severe pneumococcal infection. We investigated\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            changes in the expression of these virulence determinants using an efficacious combination determined in previous studies. BALB\/c mice were infected with 10\n            <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU of bacteria. Intravenous levofloxacin at 150 mg\/kg and\/or ceftriaxone at 50 mg\/kg were initiated 18 h postinfection; the animals were sacrificed 0 to 24 h after the initiation of treatment. The levels of cytokines, chemokines, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the serum and lungs, along with the levels of myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide the inflammatory cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), changes in pneumolysin and autolysin gene expression and COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression in the lungs were estimated. Combination therapy downregulated inflammation and promoted bacterial clearance. Pneumolysin and autolysin expression was downregulated, with a concomitant decrease in the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in lung tissue. Thus, the combination of levofloxacin and ceftriaxone can be considered for therapeutic use even in cases of pneumonia caused by drug-resistant isolates.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.03245-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,24]],"date-time":"2014-06-24T06:08:33Z","timestamp":1403590113000},"page":"5164-5180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Levofloxacin-Ceftriaxone Combination Attenuates Lung Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Bacteremic Pneumonia Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae via Inhibition of Cytolytic Activities of Pneumolysin and Autolysin"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Arnab","family":"Majhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Adhikary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aritra","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayantika","family":"Mahanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biswadev","family":"Bishayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.9.2.229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Therapy in pneumonia: what is beyond antibiotics?","volume":"69","author":"Meijvis SC","year":"2011","unstructured":"MeijvisSCGruttersJCThijsenSFRijkersGTBiesmaDHEndemanH. 2011. 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