{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:09:40Z","timestamp":1790118580021,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Pentavalent antimonials have been the first-line treatment for leishmaniasis for decades. However, the development of resistance to sodium stibogluconate (SSG) has limited its use, especially for treating visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The present work aims to optimize a cationic liposomal formulation of SSG for the treatment of both SSG-sensitive (AG83) and SSG-resistant (GE1F8R and CK1R)\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania donovani<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections. Parasite killing was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and microscopic counting of Giemsa-stained macrophages. Macrophage uptake studies were carried out by confocal microscopic imaging. Parasite-liposome interactions were visualized through transmission electron microscopy. Toxicity tests were performed using assay kits. Organ parasite burdens were determined by microscopic counting and limiting dilution assays. Cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and flow cytometry. Although all cationic liposomes studied demonstrated leishmanicidal activity, phosphatidylcholine (PC)-dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB) vesicles were most effective, followed by PC-stearylamine (SA) liposomes. Since entrapment of SSG in PC-DDAB liposomes demonstrated enhanced ultrastructural alterations in promastigotes, PC-DDAB-SSG vesicles were further investigated\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . PC-DDAB-SSG could effectively alleviate SSG-sensitive and SSG-resistant\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. donovani<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow of BALB\/c mice at a dose of SSG (3 mg\/kg body weight) not reported previously. The parasiticidal activity of these vesicles was attributed to better interactions with the parasite membranes, resulting in direct killing, and generation of a strong host-protective environment, necessitating a very low dose of SSG for effective cures.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.03305-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,4]],"date-time":"2014-11-04T04:50:09Z","timestamp":1415076609000},"page":"344-355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Cationic Liposomal Sodium Stibogluconate (SSG), a Potent Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Infection by SSG-Sensitive and -Resistant Leishmania donovani"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Roma","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayeeta","family":"Roychoudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Partha","family":"Palit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/507530"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707780362862"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/272055a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.6.2959"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1989.tb06399.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425240903548232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"Liposome technology","author":"Gregoriadis G","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gregoriadis G. 1993. Liposome technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.10.6143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00097-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X1999000200006","article-title":"Liposomes: from biophysics to the design of peptide vaccines","volume":"32","author":"Frezard F","year":"1999","unstructured":"Frezard F. 1999. Liposomes: from biophysics to the design of peptide vaccines. Braz J Med Biol Res 32:181\u2013189.","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.10.3505.h8003505_3505_3513","article-title":"Presentation of proteins encapsulated in sterically stabilized liposomes by dendritic cells initiates CD8+ T-cell responses in vivo","volume":"96","author":"Ignatius R","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ignatius R, Mahnke K, Rivera M, Hong K, Isdell F, Steinman RM, Pope M, Stamatatos L. 2000. Presentation of proteins encapsulated in sterically stabilized liposomes by dendritic cells initiates CD8+ T-cell responses in vivo. Blood 96:3505\u20133513.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.03.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(84)90521-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.44.1.17","article-title":"Surface charge of macrophages and their interaction with charged particles","volume":"44","author":"Mutsaers SE","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mutsaers SE, Papadimitriou JM. 1988. Surface charge of macrophages and their interaction with charged particles. J Leukoc Biol 44:17\u201326.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-0987(94)00075-B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(01)00481-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3285199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.6.1739-1742.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.9.3591-3593.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017376"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1993.1223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00700-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.3.359"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M412865200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"Methods of enzymatic analysis","author":"Bergmeyer HU","year":"1974","unstructured":"Bergmeyer HU, Bernt E. 1974. Methods of enzymatic analysis. Academic Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.2.1386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"411","article-title":"Interactions of liposomes with the reticuloendothelial system. II","volume":"720","author":"Hsu MJ","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hsu MJ, Juliano RL. 1982. Interactions of liposomes with the reticuloendothelial system. II. Nonspecific and receptor-mediated uptake of liposomes by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 720:411\u2013419.","journal-title":"Nonspecific and receptor-mediated uptake of liposomes by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(81)90311-8","article-title":"Liposome disposition in vivo. III","volume":"666","author":"Abra RM","year":"1981","unstructured":"Abra RM, Hunt CA. 1981. Liposome disposition in vivo. III. Dose and vesicle-size effects. Biochim Biophys Acta 666:493\u2013503.","journal-title":"Dose and vesicle-size effects. Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am200150t"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4543-8_7","volume-title":"Innovation in vaccinology: from design through to delivery and testing","author":"Altin JG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Altin JG. 2012. Liposomes and other nanoparticles as cancer vaccines and immunotherapeutics, p 135\u2013178. In Baschieri S (ed), Innovation in vaccinology: from design through to delivery and testing. Springer, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.47.2.395-400.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036595"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","first-page":"86","article-title":"Functionality of drug efflux pumps in antimonial resistant Leishmania donovani field isolates","volume":"46","author":"Mandal G","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mandal G, Sarkar A, Saha P, Singh N, Sundar S, Chatterjee M. 2009. Functionality of drug efflux pumps in antimonial resistant Leishmania donovani field isolates. Indian J Biochem Biophys 46:86\u201392.","journal-title":"Indian J Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01196-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp468"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.69"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2011.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213839110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02560.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.7.966"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282665"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(77)90107-2","article-title":"Leishmania donovani: surface membrane carbohydrates of promastigotes","volume":"41","author":"Dwyer DM","year":"1977","unstructured":"Dwyer DM. 1977. Leishmania donovani: surface membrane carbohydrates of promastigotes. Exp Parasitol 41:341\u2013358.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2940305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la00008a024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","first-page":"636","volume-title":"Communicating current research and educational topics and trends in applied microbiology","author":"Mamizuka EM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mamizuka EM, Carmona-Ribeiro AM. 2007. Cationic liposomes as antimicrobial agents, p 636\u2013647. In M\u00e9ndez-Vilas A (ed), Communicating current research and educational topics and trends in applied microbiology. Formatex, Badajoz, Spain."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-6-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3300453"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M410795200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","first-page":"4959","article-title":"Interaction of antigens with dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide, a chemically defined biological response modifier","volume":"42","author":"Baechtel FS","year":"1982","unstructured":"Baechtel FS, Prager MD. 1982. Interaction of antigens with dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide, a chemically defined biological response modifier. Cancer Res 42:4959\u20134963.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.111-126.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp100208f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.5.1529-1535.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1988.tb05271.x"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.03305-14","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.03305-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T22:56:48Z","timestamp":1645484208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.03305-14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.03305-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.03305-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-05-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-10-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-12-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}