{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:27:23Z","timestamp":1787016443925,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Gram-negative bacteria are normally resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin (VAN), which cannot significantly penetrate the outer membrane. We used\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n                    mutants that are partially sensitive to VAN to study synergies between VAN and 10 other antibiotics representing six different functional categories. We detected strong synergies with VAN and nitrofurantoin (NTR) and with VAN and trimethoprim (TMP) and moderate synergies with other drugs, such as aminoglycosides. These synergies are powerful enough to show the activity of VAN against wild-type\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n                    at concentrations of VAN as low as 6.25 \u03bcg\/ml. This suggests that a very small percentage of exogenous VAN does enter\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n                    but normally has insignificant effects on growth inhibition or cell killing. We used the results of pairwise interactions with VAN and the other 10 antibiotics tested to place VAN into a functional category of its own, as previously defined by Yeh et al. (P. Yeh, A. I. Tschumi, and R. Kishony, Nat Genet 28:489\u2013494, 2006,\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/ng1755\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/ng1755<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.03502-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,28]],"date-time":"2014-10-28T01:13:34Z","timestamp":1414458814000},"page":"276-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Synergistic Interactions of Vancomycin with Different Antibiotics against Escherichia coli: Trimethoprim and Nitrofurantoin Display Strong Synergies with Vancomycin against Wild-Type E. coli"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, the Molecular Biology Institute, and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina Manzhu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, the Molecular Biology Institute, and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, the Molecular Biology Institute, and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"Beppler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, the Molecular Biology Institute, and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, the Molecular Biology Institute, and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, the Molecular Biology Institute, and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minh Quan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, the Molecular Biology Institute, and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, the Molecular Biology Institute, and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.11.1831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01284-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.22.7680-7686.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01982-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01383-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/msb4100050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.120163297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"194","volume-title":"A short course in bacterial genetics: a laboratory manual and handbook for Escherichia coli and related bacteria","author":"Miller JH","year":"1992","unstructured":"Miller JH. 1992. 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